When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Reentry

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When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Reentry

01 Jan 2003-

TL;DR: In this paper, a profile of returning prisoners is presented, along with a discussion of the changing nature of Parole Supervision and Services, and the role of the victim's role in prisoner reentry.

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Abstract: Preface 1. Introduction and Overview 2. Who's Coming Home? A Profile of Returning Prisoners 3. The Origins and Evolution of Modern Parole 4. The Changing Nature of Parole Supervision and Services 5. How We Help: Preparing Inmates for Release 6. How We Hinder: Legal and Practical Barriers to Reintegration 7. Revolving Door Justice: Inmate Release and Recidivism 8. The Victim's Role in Prisoner Reentry 9. What to Do? Reforming Parole and Reentry Practices 10. Conclusions: When Punitive Policies Backfire Afterword

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Journal Article•DOI•

Racialized Re-entry: Labor Market Inequality After Incarceration

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Bruce Western¹, Catherine Sirois²•Institutions (2)

Columbia University¹, Stanford University²

01 Jun 2019-Social Forces

TL;DR: This article studied the transition from prison to work with data on monthly employment and earnings for a sample of men and women observed for a year after incarceration and found that half the sample is jobless in any given month and average earnings are well below the poverty level.

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Abstract: Abstract:Why do some people succeed in the labor market after incarceration but others do not? We study the transition from prison to work with data on monthly employment and earnings for a sample of men and women observed for a year after incarceration. More than in earlier research, the data provide detailed measurement of temporary and informal employment and richly describe the labor market disadvantages of formerly incarcerated men and women. We find that half the sample is jobless in any given month and average earnings are well below the poverty level. By jointly modeling employment and earnings, we show that blacks and Hispanics have lower total earnings than whites even after accounting for health, human capital, social background, crime and criminal justice involvement, and job readiness. A decomposition attributes most of the earnings gaps to racial and ethnic inequalities in employment. Qualitative interviews suggest that whites more than blacks and Hispanics find stable, high-paying jobs through social networks. These findings support a hypothesis of racialized re-entry that helps explain the unusual disadvantage of African Americans at the nexus of the penal system and the labor market.

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47 citations

Cites background from "When Prisoners Come Home: Parole an..."

...Readiness for prison release and later criminal involvement are also viewed as important for successful re-entry (Petersilia 2003; Travis 2005) but are often weakly measured in national surveys....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Co-occurring substance abuse and mental health problems among homeless persons: Suggestions for research and practice

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Douglas L. Polcin

02 Jan 2016-Journal of Social Distress and The Homeless

TL;DR: Systematic reviews of the homelessness services literature are described and peer-managed recovery homes are presented as examples of services that address some of the gaps in current approaches.

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Abstract: Communities throughout the U.S. are struggling to find solutions for serious and persistent homelessness. Alcohol and drug problems can be causes and consequences of homelessness, as well as co-occurring problems that complicate efforts to succeed in finding stable housing. Two prominent service models exist, one known as "Housing First" takes a harm reduction approach and the other known as the "linear" model typically supports a goal of abstinence from alcohol and drugs. Despite their popularity, the research supporting these models suffers from methodological problems and inconsistent findings. One purpose of this paper is to describe systematic reviews of the homelessness services literature, which illustrate weaknesses in research designs and inconsistent conclusions about the effectiveness of current models. Problems among some of the seminal studies on homelessness include poorly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, inadequate measures of alcohol and drug use, unspecified or poorly implemented comparison conditions, and lack of procedures documenting adherence to service models. Several recent papers have suggested broader based approaches for homeless services that integrate alternatives and respond better to consumer needs. Practical considerations for implementing a broader system of services are described and peer managed recovery homes are presented as examples of services that address some of the gaps in current approaches. Three issues are identified that need more attention from researchers: 1) improving upon the methodological limitations in current studies, 2) assessing the impact of broader based, integrated services on outcome, and 3) assessing approaches to the service needs of homeless persons involved in the criminal justice system.

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47 citations

Cites background from "When Prisoners Come Home: Parole an..."

...A variety of papers document high rates of homelessness for offenders leaving state prisons (Petersilia, 2003) and local jails (Freudenberg, Daniels, Crum, Perkins, & Richie, 2005; Petteruti & Walsh, 2008)....
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...In a different sober living program, a majority (52%) indicated they were marginally or temporarily housed, examples of which included staying with friends or leaving incarceration with no stable place to stay (Polcin et al., 2010b). Majer, Jason, Ferrari, and North (2002) studied Oxford Houses in St....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The Cinderella Complex: punishment, society and community sanctions

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Gwen Robinson¹•Institutions (1)

University of Sheffield¹

11 Jan 2016-Punishment & Society

TL;DR: This article explored the neglect of community sanctions (probation, parole etc.) in contemporary punishment and society scholarship, and sought to understand why this part of the penal field has not attracted significant attention from researchers, despite expansion and diversification in a variety of jurisdictions.

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Abstract: This article explores the neglect of community sanctions (probation, parole etc.) in contemporary punishment and society scholarship, and seeks to understand why this part of the penal field has not attracted significant attention from researchers, despite expansion and diversification in a variety of jurisdictions. Following a review of punishment and society scholarship, which confirms the ‘Cinderella’ status of community sanctions, three arguments are proposed to help make sense of this finding. These concern the problems of language and labelling, the (in)visibility of the field and the debateable penal character of community sanctions. The article concludes with a ‘call to arms’ for punishment and society scholars, which entails recognising Cinderella as a key actor in the stories we tell about penal change, and pushing her out of the shadows of punishment and society scholarship.

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46 citations

Cites background from "When Prisoners Come Home: Parole an..."

...Yet the reality of what has been termed ‘mass supervision’ in the European context (Robinson et al., 2013) and (describing a more specific sub-population) ‘mass probation’ in the United States (Phelps, 2013b) does not appear to have attracted the attention of large numbers of scholars....
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...Thus, for example, they cite the rising number of ethnic minorities imprisoned in the United States at a time of ‘widespread awakening of demands for greater social justice for minorities in the USA’, as well as growing pessimism about scientific rehabilitation which undercut the legitimacy of the prison as part of a social reform agenda (2013: 7)....
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...It is worth noting, in the context of this discussion, some recent scholarship around the ‘feminization’ of workforces in probation and allied organisations, both in England and Wales (Annison, 2007, 2013; Mawby and Worrall, 2013) and in the United States (Holland, 2008)....
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...(1990: 5) Indeed, the punitive character of community sanctions – or, to put it another way, their status as instances of punishment – has been a perennial topic of debate, not just in the United States....
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...This theme was also pursued in subsequent theoretical work by Garland, who continued to attend to developments in the community sanctions sphere in his wide-ranging analyses of late 20th-century penality in the United Kingdom and United States (Garland, 1996, 1997, 2001)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Societal Reactions to Deviance

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Ryken Grattet¹•Institutions (1)

University of California, Davis¹

08 Jul 2011-Review of Sociology

TL;DR: The authors identify the ways that recent scholarship builds upon and yet extends the earlier societal reaction tradition, and describe three trajectories emerging in recent work that should focus future inquiry: the contingent effects of labeling, the causes of gaps between social control discourse and practice, and the diffusion of social control practices from deviants to nondeviants.

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Abstract: A common complaint about the sociology of deviance, particularly the perspective known as labeling theory or the societal reaction perspective, is that the field is dead. However, considerable evidence suggests that the core themes of societal reaction work live on in several areas of contemporary scholarship. After identifying and describing three key strands of the early societal reaction perspective, I consider how those strands are reflected in more recent work, much of which does not explicitly reference the earlier tradition. I identify the ways that recent scholarship builds upon and yet extends the earlier societal reaction tradition. I close by describing three trajectories emerging in recent work that should focus future inquiry: the contingent effects of labeling, the causes of gaps between social control discourse and practice, and the diffusion of social control practices from deviants to nondeviants.

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46 citations

Cites background from "When Prisoners Come Home: Parole an..."

...The obstacles faced by convicted felons in reintegrating is a central theme of recent research on mass incarceration (Clear 2007, Petersilia 2003)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The Effect of Prison Gang Membership on Recidivism

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Brendan D. Dooley¹, Alan Seals², David Skarbek³•Institutions (3)

University of Maryland, College Park¹, Auburn University², King's College London³

01 May 2014-Journal of Criminal Justice

TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a unique dataset of all releasees from prisons operated by the Illinois Department of Corrections during the month of November 2000, which includes demographic information and data on gang participation.

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46 citations

Cites background from "When Prisoners Come Home: Parole an..."

...The reintegration question has drawn a great deal of attention from criminology and criminal justice (Petersilia 2003)....
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...The reintegration question has drawn a great deal of attention from criminology and criminal justice (Petersilia 2003)....
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When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Reentry

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Cites background from "When Prisoners Come Home: Parole an..."

Cites background from "When Prisoners Come Home: Parole an..."

Cites background from "When Prisoners Come Home: Parole an..."

Cites background from "When Prisoners Come Home: Parole an..."

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