Which factors affect entrepreneurial intention of university students
27 Feb 2009-Journal of European Industrial Training (Emerald Group Publishing Limited)-Vol. 33, Iss: 2, pp 142-159
TL;DR: In this paper, a model was proposed and empirically tested on a sample of 300 university students in Turkey, where entrepreneurial intention was taken as a function of educational, relational, and structural supports, and the results showed that educational and structural support factors affect the entrepreneurial intention of students.
Abstract: – Fostering entrepreneurship needs a twofold policy that should focus on both the current situation and future prospect of entrepreneurship. Although many scholars and policy makers devote their attention to the first foci of issue, it is equally important to map out the future context of entrepreneurship. The purpose of this paper is to fill this void by analysing the impacts of some contextual factors on entrepreneurial intention of university students., – In the study, a model was proposed and empirically tested on a sample of 300 university students in Turkey. The entrepreneurial support model (ESM) considers predominantly the impact of contextual factors on entrepreneurial intention. In the model, entrepreneurial intention is taken as a function of educational, relational, and structural supports., – The results of the survey showed that educational and structural support factors affect the entrepreneurial intention of students., – The paper contributes to the literature by theorizing and empirically testing how some factors affect the entrepreneurial intention of university students. Although the study is subject to some limitations, it is believed that these limitations can be overcome with further studies., – The results of the study may have valuable implications for the policy makers and educators., – Since today's youth are the potential entrepreneurs of the future, understanding their perception about contextual factors can be a contribution to the development of the literature and an important step in designing a more effective policy mechanism.
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TL;DR: The authors meta-analyzed 73 studies with a total sample size of 37,285 individuals and found a significant but a small correlation between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions, which is also greater than that of business education.
Abstract: The research on entrepreneurship education�entrepreneurial intentions has yielded mixed results. We meta-analyzed 73 studies with a total sample size of 37,285 individuals and found a significant but a small correlation between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions (inline image). This correlation is also greater than that of business education and entrepreneurial intentions. However, after controlling for pre-education entrepreneurial intentions, the relationship between entrepreneurship education and post-education entrepreneurial intentions was not significant. We also analyzed moderators, such as the attributes of entrepreneurship education, students' differences, and cultural values. Our results have implications for entrepreneurship education scholars, program evaluators, and policy makers.
1,032 citations
Cites background from "Which factors affect entrepreneuria..."
...However, many recent studies conceptualized both entrepreneurship education and business education as constructs along a continuum (e.g., Azhar et al., 2011; Chen, 2010; Douglas & Shepherd, 2002; Shariff et al., 2010; Turker & Selcuk, 2009; Zhao et al., 2005)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the literature on entrepreneurial intention is carried out, which offers a clearer picture of the sub-fields in entrepreneurial intention research, by concentrating on two aspects: citation analysis and thematic analysis.
Abstract: Entrepreneurial intention is a rapidly evolving field of research. A growing number of studies use entrepreneurial intention as a powerful theoretical framework. However, a substantial part of this research lacks systematization and categorization, and there seems to be a tendency to start anew with every study. Therefore, there is a need to take stock of current knowledge in this field. In this sense, this paper carries out a review of the literature on entrepreneurial intentions. A total of 409 papers addressing entrepreneurial intention, published between 2004 and 2013 (inclusive), have been analyzed. The purpose and contribution of this paper is to offer a clearer picture of the sub-fields in entrepreneurial intention research, by concentrating on two aspects. Firstly, it reviews recent research by means of a citation analysis to categorize the main areas of specialization currently attracting the attention of the academic community. Secondly, a thematic analysis is carried out to identify the specific themes being researched within each category. Despite the large number of publications and their diversity, the present study identifies five main research areas, plus an additional sixth category for a number of new research papers that cannot be easily classified into the five areas. Within those categories, up to twenty-five different themes are recognized. A number of research gaps are singled out within each of these areas of specialization, in order to induce new ways and perspectives in the entrepreneurial intention field of research that may be fruitful in filling these gaps.
720 citations
Cites background from "Which factors affect entrepreneuria..."
...In this theme, various types of institutions are considered: universities (e.g., Turker and Selcuk 2009), social networks (e.g., Zafar et al. 2012), regional context (e.g., Kibler 2013), the media representation of entrepreneurs (Radu and Redien-Collot 2008) or culture (e.g., Schlaegel et al. 2013)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the influence of entrepreneurship education programs on participants' attitudes and intention toward entrepreneurship and how this influence related to past experience and how does it persis...
Abstract: Do entrepreneurship education programs (EEPs) really influence participants’ attitudes and intention toward entrepreneurship? How is this influence related to past experience and how does it persis...
668 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors systematically review empirical evidence on the impact of entrepreneurship education (EE) in higher education on a range of learning outcomes, analysing 159 published articles from 2004-2016.
Abstract: Using a teaching model framework, we systematically review empirical evidence on the impact of entrepreneurship education (EE) in higher education on a range of learning outcomes, analysing 159 published articles from 2004-2016. The teaching model framework allows us for the first time to start rigorously examining relationships between pedagogical methods and specific outcomes. Re-confirming past reviews and meta-analyses, we find that EE impact research still predominantly focuses on short-term and subjective outcome measures and tends to severely under-describe the actual pedagogies being tested. Moreover, we use our review to provide an up-to-date and empirically rooted call for less obvious, yet greatly promising, new or underemphasised directions for future research on the impact of university-based entrepreneurship education. This includes, for example, the use of novel impact indicators related to emotion and mindset, focus on the impact indicators related to the intention-to-behaviour transition, and explore the reasons for some of the contradictory findings in impact studies including person-, context- and pedagogical model-specific moderators.
642 citations
Cites background from "Which factors affect entrepreneuria..."
...…about the moderating role of gender (e.g., Joensuu et al., 2013; Shinnar, Hsu, & Powell, 2014), culture- (e.g., Bernhofer &Han, 2014; Crane, 2014), or context-specific patterns (e.g., Piperopoulos & Dimov, 2015; Turker & Selçuk, 2009), with only nine studies focusing clearly on such relationships....
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Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose to operationalize the concept of entrepreneurial intention and its antecedents in an attempt to address those issues, and propose an original research design where they measure the initial state and persistence of the impact and not only short-term effects, and deal with a compulsory program, allowing to avoid self-selection biases.
Abstract: Do entrepreneurship education programs (EEPs) really influence participants' attitudes and intention toward entrepreneurship? How is this influence related to past experience and how does it persist? Researchers and entrepreneurship education stakeholders alike have been looking into this question for quite a while, with a view to validating the efficacy of such programs. The authors of this paper propose to operationalize the concept of entrepreneurial intention and its antecedents in an attempt to address those issues. In particular, we propose an original research design where (1) we measure the initial state and persistence of the impact and not only short‐term effects; (2) we deal with a compulsory program, allowing to avoid self‐selection biases; and (3) we deal with an homogeneous "compact" program rather than programs combining multiple teaching components whose effects cannot be disentangled. Our main research results show that the positive effects of an EEP are all the more marked when previous entrepreneurial exposure has been weak or inexistent. Conversely, for those students who had previously significantly been exposed to entrepreneurship, the results highlight significant countereffects of the EEP on those participants.
496 citations
References
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TL;DR: Ajzen, 1985, 1987, this article reviewed the theory of planned behavior and some unresolved issues and concluded that the theory is well supported by empirical evidence and that intention to perform behaviors of different kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control; and these intentions, together with perceptions of behavioral control, account for considerable variance in actual behavior.
65,095 citations
"Which factors affect entrepreneuria..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Based on the models of Shapero (1982) and Ajzen (1991), a process-based approach has been widely used by the scholars in the literature (Krueger, 1993; Krueger and Brazeal, 1994; Krueger and Carsrud, 1993)....
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...Theory of Planned Behavior provides a general framework to analyse the entrepreneurial intention of a person (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980; Ajzen, 1987, 1991)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the author explains "theory and reasoned action" model and then applies the model to various cases in attitude courses, such as self-defense and self-care.
Abstract: Core text in attitude courses. Explains "theory and reasoned action" model and then applies the model to various cases.
26,683 citations
"Which factors affect entrepreneuria..." refers background in this paper
...Theory of Planned Behavior provides a general framework to analyse the entrepreneurial intention of a person ( Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980...
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...Theory of Planned Behavior provides a general framework to analyse the entrepreneurial intention of a person (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980; Ajzen, 1987, 1991)....
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TL;DR: A review of the Social Sciences Citations Index for the literature from 1966 to 1990 revealed that Cronbach's (1951) article had been cited approximately 60 times per year and in a total of 278 different journals.
Abstract: Coefficient alpha (Cronbach, 1951) is certainly one of the most important and pervasive statistics in research involving test construction and use. A review of the Social Sciences Citations Index for the literature from 1966 to 1990 revealed that Cronbach's (1951) article had been cited approximately 60 times per year and in a total of 278 different journals. In addition to the areas of psychology in which one may expect to see alpha used, such as educational, industrial, social, clinical, child, community, and abnormal psychology, this list of journals included representatives from experimental psychology, sociology, statistics, medicine, counseling, nursing, economics, political science, criminology, gerontology, broadcasting, anthropology, and accounting. In spite of its widespread use, however, there is some confusion as to the true meaning and proper interpretation of the statistic. In this article I address this confusion in two ways. First, a theoretical discussion of alpha is presented. This includes some of the many statements that have been made about alpha and an attempt to integrate these statements. Second, I take a more practical approach in which the interpretation of alpha is examined by observing the changes in alpha as the number of items and interitem correlations are manipulated.
7,137 citations
"Which factors affect entrepreneuria..." refers background in this paper
...70, the decisions were taken based on the number of items, number of dimensions, and average inter-item correlations (Cortina, 1993)....
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...As there is 9 items in the scale, the suggested alpha level should be between 0.28 (r ¼ 0:30=6 items/3 dimensions) and 0.52 (r ¼ 0:30=12 items/3 dimensions) (Cortina, 1993)....
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...Although generally agreed upon lower limit for Cronbach’s alpha is 0.70, the decisions were taken based on the number of items, number of dimensions, and average inter-item correlations (Cortina, 1993)....
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...52 (r 1⁄4 0:30=12 items/3 dimensions) (Cortina, 1993)....
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TL;DR: Entrepreneurial intentions as discussed by the authors are states of mind that direct attention, experience, and action toward a business concept, set the form and direction of organizations at their inception, and subsequent organizational outcomes such as survival, development (including written plans), growth, and change are based on these intentions.
Abstract: Entrepreneurial intentions, entrepreneurs' states of mind that direct attention, experience, and action toward a business concept, set the form and direction of organizations at their inception. Subsequent organizational outcomes such as survival, development (including written plans), growth, and change are based on these intentions. The study of entrepreneurial intentions provides a way of advancing entrepreneurship research beyond descriptive studies and helps to distinguish entrepreneurial activity from strategic management.
2,630 citations
"Which factors affect entrepreneuria..." refers background in this paper
...Therefore, entrepreneurial action can be also classified as an intentional behavior (Bird, 1988; Shapero, 1982) or intention is a predictor of planned entrepreneurial behavior (Krueger, 1993)....
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...According to Bird (1988), intentionality can be defined as a state of mind directing a person’s attention, experience and action towards a specific goal or a path to achieve something....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors synthesize disparate strands of literature to link entrepreneurship to economic growth by investigating the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth using elements of various fields: historical views on entrepreneurship, macroeconomic growth theory, industrial economics (Porter's competitive advantage of nations), evolutionary economics, history of economic growth (rise and fall of nations) and the management literature on large corporate organizations.
Abstract: In the 1980s stagflation and high unemployment caused a renewed interest in supply side economics and in factors determining economic growth. Simultaneously, the 1980s and 1990s have seen a reevaluation of the role of small firms and a renewed attention for entrepreneurship. The goal of this survey is to synthesize disparate strands of literature to link entrepreneurship to economic growth. This will be done by investigating the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth using elements of various fields: historical views on entrepreneurship, macro-economic growth theory, industrial economics (Porter's competitive advantage of nations), evolutionary economics, history of economic growth (rise and fall of nations) and the management literature on large corporate organizations. Understanding the role of entrepreneurship in the process of economic growth requires the decomposition of the concept of entrepreneurship. A first part of our synthesis is to contribute to the understanding of the dimensions involved, while paying attention to the level of analysis (individual, firm and aggregate level). A second part is to gain insight in the causal links between these entrepreneurial dimensions and economic growth. A third part is to make suggestions for future empirical research into the relationship between (dimensions of) entrepreneurship and economic growth.
2,395 citations
"Which factors affect entrepreneuria..." refers background in this paper
...From a broader point of view, the cultural and institutional frameworks also affect entrepreneurship (Wennekers and Thurik, 1999)....
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