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Journal ArticleDOI

White Matter Microstructure and Atypical Visual Orienting in 7-Month-Olds at Risk for Autism

TL;DR: Visual orienting latencies were longer in 7-month-old infants who expressed ASD symptoms at 25 months compared with both high-risk negative infants and low-risk infants, and abnormal functional specialization of posterior cortical circuits directly informs a novel model of ASD pathogenesis.
Abstract: Specific differences in visual orienting, critical in social-cognitive development, are associated with differences in white matter microstructure of the splenium.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
15 Feb 2017-Nature
TL;DR: It is shown that hyperexpansion of the cortical surface area between 6 and 12 months of age precedes brain volume overgrowth observed between 12 and 24 months in 15 high-risk infants who were diagnosed with autism at 24 months.
Abstract: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with brain overgrowth, but it has been unclear how this relates to behavioural symptoms. In a longitudinal neuroimaging study of young children at high familial risk of autism, Heather Hazlett and colleagues now show that high-risk children who receive a diagnosis of ASD at 24 months of age had an increased cortical growth rate at 612 months. Early overgrowth in high-risk children is associated with social impairments at 24 months, and imaging data obtained at 6 and 12 months can predict an ASD diagnosis at 24 months in high-risk children. These findings indicate that differences in the developmental trajectory towards ASD emerge as early as the first year of life.

737 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Eviologic investigations focused on nongenetic factors have established advanced parental age and preterm birth as ASD risk factors, indicated that prenatal exposure to air pollution and short interpregnancy interval are potentialrisk factors, and suggested the need for further exploration of certain prenatal nutrients, metabolic conditions, and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
Abstract: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with lifelong impacts. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to ASD etiology, which remains incompletely understood. Research on ASD epidemiology has made significant advances in the past decade. Current prevalence is estimated to be at least 1.5% in developed countries, with recent increases primarily among those without comorbid intellectual disability. Genetic studies have identified a number of rare de novo mutations and gained footing in the areas of polygenic risk, epigenetics, and gene-by-environment interaction. Epidemiologic investigations focused on nongenetic factors have established advanced parental age and preterm birth as ASD risk factors, indicated that prenatal exposure to air pollution and short interpregnancy interval are potential risk factors, and suggested the need for further exploration of certain prenatal nutrients, metabolic conditions, and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. We discuss future...

659 citations


Cites background from "White Matter Microstructure and Aty..."

  • ...Recently launched longitudinal imaging studies, as well as work examining white matter integrity in specific brain structures, may help to clarify neuroanatomic features influencing behaviors in ASD (56)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
06 Aug 2014-Neuron
TL;DR: Evidence that the cerebellum may guide the maturation of remote nonmotor neural circuitry and influence cognitive development and it is proposed that sensitive-period disruption of such internal brain communication can account for autism's key features is reviewed.

603 citations


Cites background from "White Matter Microstructure and Aty..."

  • ...In addition, region-specific differences in cerebellar structure have been found in five autism mouse models (Ellegood et al., 2010, 2014; Steadman et al., 2014)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that deficits in executive functioning, theory of mind, and central coherence can all be understood as the consequence of a core deficit in the flexibility with which people with autism spectrum disorder can process violations to their expectations.
Abstract: There have been numerous attempts to explain the enigma of autism, but existing neurocognitive theories often provide merely a refined description of 1 cluster of symptoms. Here we argue that deficits in executive functioning, theory of mind, and central coherence can all be understood as the consequence of a core deficit in the flexibility with which people with autism spectrum disorder can process violations to their expectations. More formally we argue that the human mind processes information by making and testing predictions and that the errors resulting from violations to these predictions are given a uniform, inflexibly high weight in autism spectrum disorder. The complex, fluctuating nature of regularities in the world and the stochastic and noisy biological system through which people experience it require that, in the real world, people not only learn from their errors but also need to (meta-)learn to sometimes ignore errors. Especially when situations (e.g., social) or stimuli (e.g., faces) become too complex or dynamic, people need to tolerate a certain degree of error in order to develop a more abstract level of representation. Starting from an inability to flexibly process prediction errors, a number of seemingly core deficits become logically secondary symptoms. Moreover, an insistence on sameness or the acting out of stereotyped and repetitive behaviors can be understood as attempts to provide a reassuring sense of predictive success in a world otherwise filled with error. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).

542 citations


Cites background from "White Matter Microstructure and Aty..."

  • ...Atypical attention happens to be among the earliest signs of ASD, described in terms of the flexible and appropriate assignment of salience to stimuli (Elison et al., 2013; Zwaigenbaum et al., 2005)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Prospective studies of infants at familial risk are characterizing developmental pathways to ASD and early neurocognitive markers include atypical neural response to gaze and slowed disengagement.

465 citations


Cites background from "White Matter Microstructure and Aty..."

  • ...Reference n Predictors Outcome specification Findings Bedford et al., 2012 HR-ASD n = 12, 4F HR-Atypical n = 9, 7F HR-TD n = 14, 10F LR n = 38, 10F PB: Community clinical diagnosis; DAWBA, SCQ, clinical judgment....

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  • ...Jones et al. / N euroscience and Biobehavioral R eview s xxx (2014) xxx– xxx Table 1 (Continued) Reference n Predictors Outcome specification Findings Loh et al., 2007 HR-ASD n = 8, 5F HR-no ASD n =9, 6F LR n = 15, 5F PB: Community clinical diagnosis, ADOS, ADI-R, clinical judgment....

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  • ...This raises the possibility that early markers of ‘ASD’ ay actually represent early markers for comorbid ADHD, particuarly when considering findings on attention (e.g. Elsabbagh et al., 013b; Elison et al., 2013)....

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  • ...To investigate the neural basis of atypicalities, Elison et al. (2013) examined correlations between saccadic latencies and diffusion tensor imaging measures of brain connectivity....

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  • ...Jones et al. / N euroscience and Biobehavioral R eview s xxx (2014) xxx– xxx Table 1 (Continued) Reference n Predictors Outcome specification Findings Paul et al., 2010 ASD/BAP n = 14, ?...

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The revised interview has been reorganized, shortened, modified to be appropriate for children with mental ages from about 18 months into adulthood and linked to ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria.
Abstract: Describes the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), a revision of the Autism Diagnostic Interview, a semistructured, investigator-based interview for caregivers of children and adults for whom autism or pervasive developmental disorders is a possible diagnosis. The revised interview has been reorganized, shortened, modified to be appropriate for children with mental ages from about 18 months into adulthood and linked to ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria. Psychometric data are presented for a sample of preschool children.

8,264 citations


"White Matter Microstructure and Aty..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Clinical diagnosis was corroborated in the proband of high-risk infants with the Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised (18)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The two basic phenomena that define the problem of visual attention can be illustrated in a simple example and selectivity-the ability to filter out un­ wanted information is illustrated.
Abstract: The two basic phenomena that define the problem of visual attention can be illustrated in a simple example. Consider the arrays shown in each panel of Figure 1. In a typical experiment, before the arrays were presented, subjects would be asked to report letters appearing in one color (targets, here black letters), and to disregard letters in the other color (nontargets, here white letters). The array would then be briefly flashed, and the subjects, without any opportunity for eye movements, would give their report. The display mimics our. usual cluttered visual environment: It contains one or more objects that are relevant to current behavior, along with others that are irrelevant. The first basic phenomenon is limited capacity for processing information. At any given time, only a small amount of the information available on the retina can be processed and used in the control of behavior. Subjectively, giving attention to any one target leaves less available for others. In Figure 1, the probability of reporting the target letter N is much lower with two accompa­ nying targets (Figure la) than with none (Figure Ib). The second basic phenomenon is selectivity-the ability to filter out un­ wanted information. Subjectively, one is aware of attended stimuli and largely unaware of unattended ones. Correspondingly, accuracy in identifying an attended stimulus may be independent of the number of nontargets in a display (Figure la vs Ie) (see Bundesen 1990, Duncan 1980).

7,642 citations


"White Matter Microstructure and Aty..." refers background in this paper

  • ...selective attention has been comprehensively delineated in adults (6-10) and selective attention’s role in...

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Illustration de trois fonctions principales qui sont predominantes dans l'etude de l'intervention de l'sattention dans les processus cognitifs: 1) orientation vers des evenements sensoriels; 2) detection des signaux par processus focal; 3) maintenir la vigilance en etat d'alerte
Abstract: : The concept of attention as central to human performance extends back to the start of experimental psychology, yet even a few years ago, it would not have been possible to outline in even a preliminary form a functional anatomy of the human attentional system. New developments in neuroscience have opened the study of higher cognition to physiological analysis, and have revealed a system of anatomical areas that appear to be basic to the selection of information for focal (conscious) processing. The importance of attention is its unique role in connecting the mental level of description of processes used in cognitive science with the anatomical level common in neuroscience. Sperry describes the central role that mental concepts play in understanding brain function. As is the case for sensory and motor systems of the brain, our knowledge of the anatomy of attention is incomplete. Nevertheless, we can now begin to identify some principles of organization that allow attention to function as a unified system for the control of mental processing. Although many of our points are still speculative and controversial, we believe they constitute a basis for more detailed studies of attention from a cognitive-neuroscience viewpoint. Perhaps even more important for furthering future studies, multiple methods of mental chronometry, brain lesions, electrophysiology, and several types of neuro-imaging have converged on common findings.

7,237 citations


"White Matter Microstructure and Aty..." refers background in this paper

  • ...selective attention has been comprehensively delineated in adults (6-10) and selective attention’s role in...

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Algorithm sensitivities and specificities for autism and PD DNOS relative to nonspectrum disorders were excellent, with moderate differentiation of autism from PDDNOS.
Abstract: The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic (ADOS-G) is a semistructured, standardized assessment of social interaction, communication, play, and imaginative use of materials for individuals suspected of having autism spectrum disorders. The observational schedule consists of four 30-minute modules, each designed to be administered to different individuals according to their level of expressive language. Psychometric data are presented for 223 children and adults with Autistic Disorder (autism), Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDDNOS) or nonspectrum diagnoses. Within each module, diagnostic groups were equivalent on expressive language level. Results indicate substantial interrater and test-retest reliability for individual items, excellent interrater reliability within domains and excellent internal consistency. Comparisons of means indicated consistent differentiation of autism and PDDNOS from nonspectrum individuals, with some, but less consistent, differentiation of autism from PDDNOS. A priori operationalization of DSM-IV/ICD-10 criteria, factor analyses, and ROC curves were used to generate diagnostic algorithms with thresholds set for autism and broader autism spectrum/PDD. Algorithm sensitivities and specificities for autism and PDDNOS relative to nonspectrum disorders were excellent, with moderate differentiation of autism from PDDNOS.

7,012 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results clearly indicate that the proposed nonrigid registration algorithm is much better able to recover the motion and deformation of the breast than rigid or affine registration algorithms.
Abstract: In this paper the authors present a new approach for the nonrigid registration of contrast-enhanced breast MRI. A hierarchical transformation model of the motion of the breast has been developed. The global motion of the breast is modeled by an affine transformation while the local breast motion is described by a free-form deformation (FFD) based on B-splines. Normalized mutual information is used as a voxel-based similarity measure which is insensitive to intensity changes as a result of the contrast enhancement. Registration is achieved by minimizing a cost function, which represents a combination of the cost associated with the smoothness of the transformation and the cost associated with the image similarity. The algorithm has been applied to the fully automated registration of three-dimensional (3-D) breast MRI in volunteers and patients. In particular, the authors have compared the results of the proposed nonrigid registration algorithm to those obtained using rigid and affine registration techniques. The results clearly indicate that the nonrigid registration algorithm is much better able to recover the motion and deformation of the breast than rigid or affine registration algorithms.

5,490 citations

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