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Whittle's Gait Analysis
24 Jul 2012-
TL;DR: The gait cycle in detail Ground reaction forces Support moment Energy consumption Optimization of energy usage Starting and stopping Other varieties of gait changes in gait Changes in Gait with Age.
Abstract: Chapter 1 Basic Sciences Anatomy Physiology Motor control Biomechanics Chapter 2 Normal Gait Walking and gait History Terminology used in gait analysis Outline of the gait cycle The gait cycle in detail Ground reaction forces Support moment Energy consumption Optimization of energy usage Starting and stopping Other varieties of gait Changes in Gait with Age Chapter 3 Pathological and other abnormal gaits Specific gait abnormalities Walking aids Treadmill gait Chapter 4 Methods of gait analysis Visual gait analysis Temporal and Spatial Parameters during Gait Measurement of Temporal and Spatial Parameters during Gait Camera Based Motion Analysis Active marker systems Accelerometers Gyroscopes, Magnetic Fields and Motion Capture Suits Measuring Force and Pressure Pressure beneath the foot Measuring Muscle Activity Measuring Energy Expenditure Combined kinetic/kinematic systems Chapter 5 Applications of gait analysis Clinical gait assessment Conditions benefiting from gait assessment Future developments Conclusion Chapter 6 Gait assessment of neurological diseases Gait assessment in Cerebral palsy Gait assessment in Stroke Gait assessment in Parkinson's disease Gait assessment in Muscular dystrophy Chapter 7 Gait analysis in musculoskeletal conditions and prosthetics and orthotics Total hip replacement Gait analysis in knee osteoarthritis High tibial knee osteotomy Prosthetics and orthotics Amputee gait Orthotic gait Index
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TL;DR: This study provides comprehensive vector coding and circular statistics calculations and a new illustration to present coordination and coordination variability information of gait kinematics, combining the output from the modified vector coding technique with traditional time-series segmental angle data.
122 citations
Cites background or methods from "Whittle's Gait Analysis"
...To assist in the interpretation of the time-series waveforms and coordination patterns, the phases of gait were adapted as IC – Initial Contact, LR – Loading Response, MS – Midstance, PS – PreSwing and Swing phase (Perry and Burnfield, 2010; Levine et al., 2012)....
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...E-mail address: r.needham@staffs.ac.uk (R. Needham). variability with other known phases of gait (Perry and Burnfield, 2010; Levine et al., 2012)....
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...3a, c, and e) to present coordination and coordination variability information of gait kinematics, combining the output from the modified vector coding technique with traditional timeseries segmental angle data and recognised phases of gait (Perry and Burnfield, 2010; Levine et al., 2012)....
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TL;DR: The applicability of radar for gait classification with application to home security, medical diagnosis, rehabilitation, and assisted living is demonstrated and radar micro-Doppler signatures and their Fourier transforms are well suited to capture changes in gait.
Abstract: Objective: In this paper, we demonstrate the applicability of radar for gait classification with application to home security, medical diagnosis, rehabilitation, and assisted living. Aiming at identifying changes in gait patterns based on radar micro-Doppler signatures, this paper is concerned with solving the intra motion category classification problem of gait recognition. Methods: New gait classification approaches utilizing physical features, subspace features, and sum-of-harmonics modeling are presented and their performances are evaluated using experimental K -band radar data of four test subjects. Five different gait classes are considered for each person, including normal, pathological, and assisted walks. Results: The proposed approaches are shown to outperform existing methods for radar-based gait recognition, which utilize physical features from the cadence-velocity data representation domain as in this paper. The analyzed gait classes are correctly identified with an average accuracy of 93.8%, where a classification rate of 98.5% is achieved for a single gait class. When applied to new data of another individual, a classification accuracy on the order of 80% can be expected. Conclusion: Radar micro-Doppler signatures and their Fourier transforms are well suited to capture changes in gait. Five different walking styles are recognized with high accuracy. Significance: Radar-based sensing of gait is an emerging technology with multi-faceted applications in security and health care industries. We show that radar, as a contact-less sensing technology, can supplement existing gait diagnostic tools with respect to long-term monitoring and reproducibility of the examinations.
115 citations
Cites background from "Whittle's Gait Analysis"
...tion will be given in SectionIII-B. Note that, in medical terminology of human gait analysis, the cadence is defined as the number of steps per unit time, and thus serves as a measure of the step rate [33]. Here, however, we draw a distinction between the cadence frequency, as a measure of the periodicity of micro-Doppler signatures, and the stride rate, which describes the number of strides per second...
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TL;DR: It is concluded that treating the entire foot as a rigid-body segment is often inappropriate and ill-advised and recommended against computing conventional ankle power (between shank-foot).
103 citations
TL;DR: The literature assessing gait deviations in children with ASD is reviewed, and several studies refer to cerebellar and basal ganglia involvement as the patterns described suggest alterations in those areas of the brain.
Abstract: In recent years, it has become clear that children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have difficulty with gross motor function and coordination, factors which influence gait. Knowledge of gait abnormalities may be useful for assessment and treatment planning. This paper reviews the literature assessing gait deviations in children with ASD. Five online databases were searched using keywords “gait” and “autism,” and 11 studies were found which examined gait in childhood ASD. Children with ASD tend to augment their walking stability with a reduced stride length, increased step width and therefore wider base of support, and increased time in the stance phase. Children with ASD have reduced range of motion at the ankle and knee during gait, with increased hip flexion. Decreased peak hip flexor and ankle plantar flexor moments in children with ASD may imply weakness around these joints, which is further exhibited by a reduction in ground reaction forces at toe-off in children with ASD. Children with ASD have altered gait patterns to healthy controls, widened base of support, and reduced range of motion. Several studies refer to cerebellar and basal ganglia involvement as the patterns described suggest alterations in those areas of the brain. Further research should compare children with ASD to other clinical groups to improve assessment and treatment planning.
101 citations
TL;DR: Reliability of 3DGA has been estimated for the gait laboratory and Bland and Altman plots of gait cycle waveforms provide a useful addition to reliability analysis.
89 citations
Cites background from "Whittle's Gait Analysis"
...However as gait is known to change with age [21], the sample can be considered homogenous....
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