Why g matters: The complexity of everyday life
Summary (1 min read)
Why g Matters: The Complexity of Everyday Life
- This article provides evidence that g has pervasive utility in work settings because it is essentially the ability to deal with cognitive complexity, in particular, with complex information processing.
- Few claims in the social sciences are backed by such massive evidence but remain so hotly contested in public discourse.
- Besides demonstrating that g is important in practical affairs, I seek to demonstrate why intelligence has such surprisingly pervasive importance in the lives of individuals.
- I then use both the employment and literacy data to sketch a portrait of life’s challenges and opportunities at different levels of intelligence.
WHAT DOES “IMPORTANT” MEAN?
- The nature of the job and its context seem to determine whether g has any direct effect on task proficiency, net of job knowlege.
- As is well known in psychometrics (see also Gordon, 1997), the fact that an individual passes or fails any single test item says little about that person’s general intelligence level.
INFLUENCE OF INTELLIGENCE ON OVERALL LIFE OUTCOMES
- The effects of intelligence-like other psychological traits-are probabilistic, not deterministic.
- White adults in this range marry, work, and have children (Hermstein & Murray, 1994), but, as Table 10 shows, they are nonetheless at great risk of living in poverty (30%), bearing children out of wedlock (32%), and becoming chronic welfare dependents (31%).
- At this IQ level, fewer than half the high school graduates and none of the dropouts meet the military’s minimum AFQT enlistment standards.
- Most occupations are within reach cognitively, because these individuals learn complex material fairly easily and independently.
- Such as divorce, illness, and occasional unemployment, they rarely become trapped in poverty or social pathology.
THE FUTURE
- Complexity enriches social and cultural life, but it also risks leaving some individuals behind.
- Society has become more complex-and g loaded-as the authors have entered the information age and postindustrial economy.
- Accordingly, organizations are “flatter” (have fewer hierarchical levels), and increasing numbers of jobs require high-level cognitive and interpersonal skills (Camevale, 1991; Cascio, 1995; Hunt, 1995; Secretary’s Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills, 1991).
- There is evidence that increasing proportions of individuals with below-average IQs are having trouble adapting to their increasingly complex modern life (Granat & Granat, 1978) and that social inequality along IQ lines is increasing (Herrnstein & Murray, 1994).
- As the military experience also illustrates, however, what is good pedagogy for the low-aptitude learner may be inappropriate for the high-aptitude person.
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Citations
6 citations
Cites background from "Why g matters: The complexity of ev..."
...Cognitive abilities, such as working-memory and general reasoning capacity, have been demonstrated time and time again as consistent and dominant predictors of work and formal educational outcomes (Gottfredson, 1997; Sternberg & Grigorenko, 2002)....
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...Cognitive abilities, such as working-memory and general reasoning capacity, have been demonstrated time and time again as consistent and dominant predictors of work and formal educational outcomes (Gottfredson, 1997; Sternberg & Grigorenko, 2002)....
[...]
5 citations
Cites background from "Why g matters: The complexity of ev..."
...1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background of the Problem Despite extensive research seeking to illuminate the traits, beliefs, and motivations that drive individuals to pursue achievement and success (Ericson & Charness, 1994; Gottfredson, 1997; Hartigan & Wigdor, 1989; Paunonen & Jackson, 2000), it has remained unclear why, given similar levels of intelligence and training, some people outperform others and achieve more than their peers (Terman & Ogden, 1947)....
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...…seeking to illuminate the traits, beliefs, and motivations that drive individuals to pursue achievement and success (Ericson & Charness, 1994; Gottfredson, 1997; Hartigan & Wigdor, 1989; Paunonen & Jackson, 2000), it has remained unclear why, given similar levels of intelligence and…...
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5 citations
5 citations
5 citations
Cites background from "Why g matters: The complexity of ev..."
...Extensive research supports the importance of selection factors, including general intelligence and personality, for various outcomes (cf. Gonzales-Mulé et al. 2014; Gottfredson 1997; Schmidt & Hunter 1998)....
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...While general intelligence is typically argued to constitute a positive personal resource (cf. Gottfredson 1997), these unexpected findings not only suggest the opposite but also raise questions regarding how traditional police work fits individuals with a higher intellectual capacity and how…...
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...For instance, higher general intelligence has been associated with successfully dealing with demands of everyday life (Gottfredson 1997)....
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