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Journal ArticleDOI

Wideband Millimeter-Wave Propagation Measurements and Channel Models for Future Wireless Communication System Design

TL;DR: Experimental measurements and empirically-based propagation channel models for the 28, 38, 60, and 73 GHz mmWave bands are presented, using a wideband sliding correlator channel sounder with steerable directional horn antennas at both the transmitter and receiver from 2011 to 2013.
Abstract: The relatively unused millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum offers excellent opportunities to increase mobile capacity due to the enormous amount of available raw bandwidth. This paper presents experimental measurements and empirically-based propagation channel models for the 28, 38, 60, and 73 GHz mmWave bands, using a wideband sliding correlator channel sounder with steerable directional horn antennas at both the transmitter and receiver from 2011 to 2013. More than 15,000 power delay profiles were measured across the mmWave bands to yield directional and omnidirectional path loss models, temporal and spatial channel models, and outage probabilities. Models presented here offer side-by-side comparisons of propagation characteristics over a wide range of mmWave bands, and the results and models are useful for the research and standardization process of future mmWave systems. Directional and omnidirectional path loss models with respect to a 1 m close-in free space reference distance over a wide range of mmWave frequencies and scenarios using directional antennas in real-world environments are provided herein, and are shown to simplify mmWave path loss models, while allowing researchers to globally compare and standardize path loss parameters for emerging mmWave wireless networks. A new channel impulse response modeling framework, shown to agree with extensive mmWave measurements over several bands, is presented for use in link-layer simulations, using the observed fact that spatial lobes contain multipath energy that arrives at many different propagation time intervals. The results presented here may assist researchers in analyzing and simulating the performance of next-generation mmWave wireless networks that will rely on adaptive antennas and multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This survey makes an exhaustive review of wireless evolution toward 5G networks, including the new architectural changes associated with the radio access network (RAN) design, including air interfaces, smart antennas, cloud and heterogeneous RAN, and underlying novel mm-wave physical layer technologies.
Abstract: The vision of next generation 5G wireless communications lies in providing very high data rates (typically of Gbps order), extremely low latency, manifold increase in base station capacity, and significant improvement in users’ perceived quality of service (QoS), compared to current 4G LTE networks. Ever increasing proliferation of smart devices, introduction of new emerging multimedia applications, together with an exponential rise in wireless data (multimedia) demand and usage is already creating a significant burden on existing cellular networks. 5G wireless systems, with improved data rates, capacity, latency, and QoS are expected to be the panacea of most of the current cellular networks’ problems. In this survey, we make an exhaustive review of wireless evolution toward 5G networks. We first discuss the new architectural changes associated with the radio access network (RAN) design, including air interfaces, smart antennas, cloud and heterogeneous RAN. Subsequently, we make an in-depth survey of underlying novel mm-wave physical layer technologies, encompassing new channel model estimation, directional antenna design, beamforming algorithms, and massive MIMO technologies. Next, the details of MAC layer protocols and multiplexing schemes needed to efficiently support this new physical layer are discussed. We also look into the killer applications, considered as the major driving force behind 5G. In order to understand the improved user experience, we provide highlights of new QoS, QoE, and SON features associated with the 5G evolution. For alleviating the increased network energy consumption and operating expenditure, we make a detail review on energy awareness and cost efficiency. As understanding the current status of 5G implementation is important for its eventual commercialization, we also discuss relevant field trials, drive tests, and simulation experiments. Finally, we point out major existing research issues and identify possible future research directions.

2,624 citations


Cites background or methods from "Wideband Millimeter-Wave Propagatio..."

  • ...For 28 GHz propagation, the very first 3-D measurement based mm-wave statistical channel impulse response model is presented in [220]....

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  • ...It uses geodesic spheres and distributed wavefronts to simulate electromagnetic propagation [220]....

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  • ...Moreover, there is no significant loss of accuracy between field measurements and ray-tracing simulations for wireless communication channel properties, such as path loss and RMS delay spreads [220], [226]....

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  • ...Evaluations of wideband mm-wave outdoor propagation measurements at 28, 38, 60, and 73 GHz for BS to mobile, BS to BS (backhaul), peer-to-peer, and vehicular (V2V) scenarios are consolidated in [220]....

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  • ...The data and models proposed in [220] are expected to assist researchers in the development of channel models and system analysis for emerging mm-wave small cell wireless communication systems....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of 5G research, standardization trials, and deployment challenges is provided, with research test beds delivering promising performance but pre-commercial trials lagging behind the desired 5G targets.
Abstract: There is considerable pressure to define the key requirements of 5G, develop 5G standards, and perform technology trials as quickly as possible. Normally, these activities are best done in series but there is a desire to complete these tasks in parallel so that commercial deployments of 5G can begin by 2020. 5G will not be an incremental improvement over its predecessors; it aims to be a revolutionary leap forward in terms of data rates, latency, massive connectivity, network reliability, and energy efficiency. These capabilities are targeted at realizing high-speed connectivity, the Internet of Things, augmented virtual reality, the tactile internet, and so on. The requirements of 5G are expected to be met by new spectrum in the microwave bands (3.3-4.2 GHz), and utilizing large bandwidths available in mm-wave bands, increasing spatial degrees of freedom via large antenna arrays and 3-D MIMO, network densification, and new waveforms that provide scalability and flexibility to meet the varying demands of 5G services. Unlike the one size fits all 4G core networks, the 5G core network must be flexible and adaptable and is expected to simultaneously provide optimized support for the diverse 5G use case categories. In this paper, we provide an overview of 5G research, standardization trials, and deployment challenges. Due to the enormous scope of 5G systems, it is necessary to provide some direction in a tutorial article, and in this overview, the focus is largely user centric, rather than device centric. In addition to surveying the state of play in the area, we identify leading technologies, evaluating their strengths and weaknesses, and outline the key challenges ahead, with research test beds delivering promising performance but pre-commercial trials lagging behind the desired 5G targets.

1,659 citations


Cites background from "Wideband Millimeter-Wave Propagatio..."

  • ...A large range of delay spreads have been measured or simulated by ray tracing in outdoor environments [2], [56], [57], [64], [65]....

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  • ...of beam-switching to enhance robustness, when the main direction becomes blocked by a moving obstacle [2]....

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  • ...and in many environments the percentage of delay/angle bins with significant energy is rather low, though not necessarily lower than at cm-wave frequencies [2]....

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  • ...UE, angular spreads are considerably larger, often in the range 30-70° [2], [56], [67], [68]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Propagation parameters and channel models for understanding mmWave propagation, such as line-of-sight (LOS) probabilities, large-scale path loss, and building penetration loss, as modeled by various standardization bodies are compared over the 0.5–100 GHz range.
Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the features of fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems now being developed for use in the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands. Early results and key concepts of 5G networks are presented, and the channel modeling efforts of many international groups for both licensed and unlicensed applications are described here. Propagation parameters and channel models for understanding mmWave propagation, such as line-of-sight (LOS) probabilities, large-scale path loss, and building penetration loss, as modeled by various standardization bodies, are compared over the 0.5–100 GHz range.

943 citations


Cites background or methods from "Wideband Millimeter-Wave Propagatio..."

  • ...The NYU model was developed using a much finer resolution intersection test than used by 3GPP TR 38.901, and used a real-world database in downtown New York City [23]....

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  • ...8, 28, and 60 GHz in two typical network architectures showed that spectral efficiency and energy efficiency increased as the number of small cells increased [48], and backhaul RF measurements and models at 73 GHz were made in New York City [20], [49]....

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  • ...An analysis of the wireless backhaul traffic at 5.8 GHz, 28 GHz, and 60 GHz in two typical network architectures showed that spectral efficiency and energy efficiency increased as the number of small cells increased [48], and backhaul measurements and models at 73 GHz were made in New York City [20], [49]....

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  • ...Experiments performed for NLOS situations resulted in path loss for STA-STA as an FI/AB model [20] with the SF standard deviation as σSF = 3....

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  • ...However, it is worth noting that omnidirectional path loss models will not be usable in directional antenna system analysis unless the antenna patterns and true spatial and temporal multipath channel statistics are known or properly modeled [19], [20], [29], [80], [99], [115], [116]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive survey of mmWave communications for future mobile networks (5G and beyond) is presented, including an overview of the solution for multiple access and backhauling, followed by the analysis of coverage and connectivity.
Abstract: Millimeter wave (mmWave) communications have recently attracted large research interest, since the huge available bandwidth can potentially lead to the rates of multiple gigabit per second per user Though mmWave can be readily used in stationary scenarios, such as indoor hotspots or backhaul, it is challenging to use mmWave in mobile networks, where the transmitting/receiving nodes may be moving, channels may have a complicated structure, and the coordination among multiple nodes is difficult To fully exploit the high potential rates of mmWave in mobile networks, lots of technical problems must be addressed This paper presents a comprehensive survey of mmWave communications for future mobile networks (5G and beyond) We first summarize the recent channel measurement campaigns and modeling results Then, we discuss in detail recent progresses in multiple input multiple output transceiver design for mmWave communications After that, we provide an overview of the solution for multiple access and backhauling, followed by the analysis of coverage and connectivity Finally, the progresses in the standardization and deployment of mmWave for mobile networks are discussed

887 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A baseline analytical approach based on stochastic geometry that allows the computation of the statistical distributions of the downlink signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and also the per link data rate, which depends on the SINR as well as the average load is presented.
Abstract: We provide a comprehensive overview of mathematical models and analytical techniques for millimeter wave (mmWave) cellular systems. The two fundamental physical differences from conventional sub-6-GHz cellular systems are: 1) vulnerability to blocking and 2) the need for significant directionality at the transmitter and/or receiver, which is achieved through the use of large antenna arrays of small individual elements. We overview and compare models for both of these factors, and present a baseline analytical approach based on stochastic geometry that allows the computation of the statistical distributions of the downlink signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and also the per link data rate, which depends on the SINR as well as the average load. There are many implications of the models and analysis: 1) mmWave systems are significantly more noise-limited than at sub-6 GHz for most parameter configurations; 2) initial access is much more difficult in mmWave; 3) self-backhauling is more viable than in sub-6-GHz systems, which makes ultra-dense deployments more viable, but this leads to increasingly interference-limited behavior; and 4) in sharp contrast to sub-6-GHz systems cellular operators can mutually benefit by sharing their spectrum licenses despite the uncontrolled interference that results from doing so. We conclude by outlining several important extensions of the baseline model, many of which are promising avenues for future research.

767 citations


Cites background or methods from "Wideband Millimeter-Wave Propagatio..."

  • ...RMS delay spread, path loss, and building penetration and reflection coefficients, leading to further models for cellular mmWave channels [39]....

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  • ...The distribution of the AoAs/AoDs can be modeled using the empirically observed power angular spectrum [39], [121]....

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  • ...in [3], [39], and [138], and for simplicity we use αL = 2 and αN = 4 as default values....

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References
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Book
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher: The indispensable guide to wireless communications—now fully revised and updated! Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step. Coverage includes: An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technology—today's and tomorrow's.

17,102 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.

6,708 citations


"Wideband Millimeter-Wave Propagatio..." refers background or methods or result in this paper

  • ...Rain attenuation only contributes a few dB of additional propagation path loss at mmWaves compared to free space when considering inter-site base station distances of no more than a few hundred meters, implying that the impact of rain will be mollified through the use of high gain, steerable antennas [3], [13], [14]....

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  • ...Different frequency bands were measured by changing local oscillator frequencies, IF frequencies, and the RF front-ends; specifications and detailed block diagrams are given in [3], [13], [34], [61], [63], [65]....

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  • ...Work at NYU WIRELESS described here has also focused on providing 3GPP-like channel models, including omnidirectional path loss models synthesized from directional channel measurements, and statistical 3-...

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  • ...Aside from work conducted by authors at the University of Texas at Austin (UTA) and New York University (NYU), there have been relatively few published propagation studies at mmWave bands in dense urban environments for mobile access and backhaul communications....

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  • ...A majority of measurements were conducted for indoor applications due to the earliest intended use cases (WLAN), and high oxygen absorption centered around 60 GHz [3]....

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Book
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: A revised and expanded edition of this classic reference/text, covering the latest techniques for the analysis and measurement of stationary and nonstationary random data passing through physical systems, is presented in this article.
Abstract: From the Publisher: A revised and expanded edition of this classic reference/text, covering the latest techniques for the analysis and measurement of stationary and nonstationary random data passing through physical systems. With more than 100,000 copies in print and six foreign translations, the first edition standardized the methodology in this field. This new edition covers all new procedures developed since 1971 and extends the application of random data analysis to aerospace and automotive research; digital data analysis; dynamic test programs; fluid turbulence analysis; industrial noise control; oceanographic data analysis; system identification problems; and many other fields. Includes new formulas for statistical error analysis of desired estimates, new examples and problem sets.

6,693 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Krystek as discussed by the authors provides a comprehensive and self-contained overview of random data analysis, including derivations of the key relationships in probability and random-process theory not usually found to such extent in a book of this kind.
Abstract: This is a new edition of a book on random data analysis which has been on the market since 1966 and which was extensively revised in 1971. The book has been a bestseller since. It has been fully updated to cover new procedures developed in the last 15 years and extends the discussion to a broad range of applied fields, such as aerospace, automotive industries or biomedical research. The primary purpose of this book is to provide a practical reference and tool for working engineers and scientists investigating dynamic data or using statistical methods to solve engineering problems. It is comprehensive and self-contained and expands the coverage of the theory, including derivations of the key relationships in probability and random-process theory not usually found to such extent in a book of this kind. It could well be used as a teaching textbook for advanced courses on the analysis of random processes. The first four chapters present the background material on descriptions of data, properties of linear systems and statistical principles. They also include probability distribution formulas for one-, two- and higher-order changes of variables. Chapter five gives a comprehensive discussion of stationary random-process theory, including material on wave-number spectra, level crossings and peak values of normally distributed random data. Chapters six and seven develop mathematical relationships for the detailed analysis of single input/output and multiple input/output linear systems including algorithms. In chapters eight and nine important practical formulas to determine statistical errors in estimates of random data parameters and linear system properties from measured data are derived. Chapter ten deals with data aquisition and processing, including data qualification. Chapter eleven describes methods of data analysis such as data preparation, Fourier transforms, probability density functions, auto- and cross-correlation, spectral functions, joint record functions and multiple input/output functions. Chapter twelve shows how to handle nonstationary data analysis, classification of nonstationary data, probability structure of nonstationary data, calculation of nonstationary mean values or mean square values, correlation structures of nonstationary data and spectral structures of nonstationary data. The last chapter deals with the Hilbert transform including applications for both nondispersive and dispersive propagation problems. All chapters include many illustrations and references as well as examples and problem sets. This allows the reader to use the book for private study purposes. Altogether the book can be recommended for practical working engineers and scientists to support their daily work, as well as for university readers as a teaching textbook in advanced courses. M Krystek

3,390 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results of indoor multipath propagation measurements using 10 ns, 1.5 GHz, radarlike pulses are presented for a medium-size office building, and a simple statistical multipath model of the indoor radio channel appears to be extendable to other buildings.
Abstract: The results of indoor multipath propagation measurements using 10 ns, 1.5 GHz, radarlike pulses are presented for a medium-size office building. The observed channel was very slowly time varying, with the delay spread extending over a range up to about 200 ns and rms values of up to about 50 ns. The attenuation varied over a 60 dB dynamic range. A simple statistical multipath model of the indoor radio channel is also presented, which fits our measurements well, and more importantly, appears to be extendable to other buildings. With this model, the received signal rays arrive in clusters. The rays have independent uniform phases, and independent Rayleigh amplitudes with variances that decay exponentially with cluster and ray delays. The clusters, and the rays within the cluster, form Poisson arrival processes with different, but fixed, rates. The clusters are formed by the building superstructure, while the individual rays are formed by objects in the vicinities of the transmitter and the receiver.

3,194 citations


"Wideband Millimeter-Wave Propagatio..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Channel characterization of the impulse response has thus far focused on modeling the time domain, the AOA in the azimuth plane [86], [87], and/or the AOA and AOD in the azimuth and elevation planes [76], [88], to account for directionality at the TX and RX....

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  • ...It is worth mentioning that previous published work used intra-cluster subpaths to successfully model the indoor multipath channel [86], [87], [89]....

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