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Wind loading of structures

01 Jan 1998-pp 16
TL;DR: The static and dynamic approaches to the determination of design wind loads have been summarised along with the various assumptions, approximations and limitations involved.
Abstract: The static and dynamic approaches to the determination of design wind loads have been summarised along with the various assumptions, approximations and limitations involved. The application of these two approaches using the Australian Standard AS1170.2 is discussed along with comparisons from wind tunnel measurements.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of urban physics in the study of wind comfort, thermal comfort, energy demand, pollutant dispersion and wind-driven rain is discussed, and three major research methods applied in Urban Physics, namely field experiments, wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulations are discussed.
Abstract: The global trend towards urbanization explains the growing interest in the study of the modification of the urban climate due to the heat island effect and global warming, and its impact on energy use of buildings. Also urban comfort, health and durability, referring respectively to pedestrian wind/thermal comfort, pollutant dispersion and wind-driven rain are of interest. Urban Physics is a well-established discipline, incorporating relevant branches of physics, environmental chemistry, aerodynamics, meteorology and statistics. Therefore, Urban Physics is well positioned to provide key-contributions to the current urban problems and challenges. The present paper addresses the role of Urban Physics in the study of wind comfort, thermal comfort, energy demand, pollutant dispersion and wind-driven rain. Furthermore, the three major research methods applied in Urban Physics, namely field experiments, wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulations are discussed. Case studies illustrate the current challenges and the relevant contributions of Urban Physics.

326 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A state-of-the-art review of modular building structures with great potential for innovation in modular structures is presented and several key research areas are identified for further work.
Abstract: Prefabrication by off-site manufacturing leads to a reduced overall construction schedule, improved quality, and reduced resource wastage. Modular building is therefore increasingly popular and promoted. With the recent promotion a number of relevant studies have been completed, however, a review of the design, construction, and performance of modular buildings under different loading conditions is lacking. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of modular building structures. First, structural forms and construction materials are presented as a brief introduction to the modular structures. Modular building is shown to refer not to a single structure type, but a variety of structural systems and materials. These modular structures might perform differently to similar traditional structures and the structural performance is highly dependent on inter- and intra-module connections. The structural response of modules to different hazards is then considered, followed by the current design practice and methodology. As a currently developing area there is great potential for innovation in modular structures and several key research areas are identified for further work.

204 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wireless sensor networks are installed in three operational turbines in order to demonstrate their efficacy in this unique operational environment and to verify that vibrational (acceleration) data can be collected and transmitted within a turbine tower and that it is comparable to data collected using a traditional tethered system.
Abstract: Monitoring and economical design of alternative energy generators such as wind turbines is becoming increasingly critical; however acquisition of the dynamic output data can be a time-consuming and costly process. In recent years, low-cost wireless sensors have emerged as an enabling technology for structural monitoring applications. In this study, wireless sensor networks are installed in three operational turbines in order to demonstrate their efficacy in this unique operational environment. The objectives of the first installation are to verify that vibrational (acceleration) data can be collected and transmitted within a turbine tower and that it is comparable to data collected using a traditional tethered system. In the second instrumentation, the wireless network includes strain gauges at the base of the structure. Also, data is collected regarding the performance of the wireless communication channels within the tower. In both turbines, collected wireless sensor data is used for off-line, output-only modal analysis of the ambiently (wind) excited turbine towers. The final installation is on a turbine with embedded braking capabilities within the nacelle to generate an "impulse-like" load at the top of the tower. This ability to apply such a load improves the modal analysis results obtained in cases where ambient excitation fails to be sufficiently broad-band or white. The improved loading allows for computation of true mode shapes, a necessary precursor to many conditional monitoring techniques.

130 citations


Cites background from "Wind loading of structures"

  • ...However, the white-noise excitation assumption is problematic for wind loadings (Holmes 2007), a fact that will be revisited in the third installation....

    [...]

  • ...This ability is important for modal analysis of structures with unmeasurable inputs or structures that are excited by ambient excitation sources (e.g., wind) that do not generally manifest themselves as white-noise (Holmes 2007)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The growing area of harvesting energy by aerodynamically induced flutter in a fluid stream is reviewed in this article, where various approaches were found to understand, demonstrate and [sometimes] optimise harvester performance based on Movement-Induced or Extraneously Induced Excitation.

122 citations


Cites background from "Wind loading of structures"

  • ...243 The ABL has been documented by many workers and a large volume of work exists on understanding the turbu244 lence inherent in atmospheric winds and its effects on the response of (essentially rigid) structures and aircraft; see for 245 example [69, 70]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the expected extreme base moment is computed by multiplying the mean base moment by the proposed GLF, which is then distributed to each floor in terms of the floor load in a format similar to the one used to distribute the base shear in earthquake engineering practice.

104 citations

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of urban physics in the study of wind comfort, thermal comfort, energy demand, pollutant dispersion and wind-driven rain is discussed, and three major research methods applied in Urban Physics, namely field experiments, wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulations are discussed.
Abstract: The global trend towards urbanization explains the growing interest in the study of the modification of the urban climate due to the heat island effect and global warming, and its impact on energy use of buildings. Also urban comfort, health and durability, referring respectively to pedestrian wind/thermal comfort, pollutant dispersion and wind-driven rain are of interest. Urban Physics is a well-established discipline, incorporating relevant branches of physics, environmental chemistry, aerodynamics, meteorology and statistics. Therefore, Urban Physics is well positioned to provide key-contributions to the current urban problems and challenges. The present paper addresses the role of Urban Physics in the study of wind comfort, thermal comfort, energy demand, pollutant dispersion and wind-driven rain. Furthermore, the three major research methods applied in Urban Physics, namely field experiments, wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulations are discussed. Case studies illustrate the current challenges and the relevant contributions of Urban Physics.

326 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A state-of-the-art review of modular building structures with great potential for innovation in modular structures is presented and several key research areas are identified for further work.
Abstract: Prefabrication by off-site manufacturing leads to a reduced overall construction schedule, improved quality, and reduced resource wastage. Modular building is therefore increasingly popular and promoted. With the recent promotion a number of relevant studies have been completed, however, a review of the design, construction, and performance of modular buildings under different loading conditions is lacking. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of modular building structures. First, structural forms and construction materials are presented as a brief introduction to the modular structures. Modular building is shown to refer not to a single structure type, but a variety of structural systems and materials. These modular structures might perform differently to similar traditional structures and the structural performance is highly dependent on inter- and intra-module connections. The structural response of modules to different hazards is then considered, followed by the current design practice and methodology. As a currently developing area there is great potential for innovation in modular structures and several key research areas are identified for further work.

204 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wireless sensor networks are installed in three operational turbines in order to demonstrate their efficacy in this unique operational environment and to verify that vibrational (acceleration) data can be collected and transmitted within a turbine tower and that it is comparable to data collected using a traditional tethered system.
Abstract: Monitoring and economical design of alternative energy generators such as wind turbines is becoming increasingly critical; however acquisition of the dynamic output data can be a time-consuming and costly process. In recent years, low-cost wireless sensors have emerged as an enabling technology for structural monitoring applications. In this study, wireless sensor networks are installed in three operational turbines in order to demonstrate their efficacy in this unique operational environment. The objectives of the first installation are to verify that vibrational (acceleration) data can be collected and transmitted within a turbine tower and that it is comparable to data collected using a traditional tethered system. In the second instrumentation, the wireless network includes strain gauges at the base of the structure. Also, data is collected regarding the performance of the wireless communication channels within the tower. In both turbines, collected wireless sensor data is used for off-line, output-only modal analysis of the ambiently (wind) excited turbine towers. The final installation is on a turbine with embedded braking capabilities within the nacelle to generate an "impulse-like" load at the top of the tower. This ability to apply such a load improves the modal analysis results obtained in cases where ambient excitation fails to be sufficiently broad-band or white. The improved loading allows for computation of true mode shapes, a necessary precursor to many conditional monitoring techniques.

130 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The growing area of harvesting energy by aerodynamically induced flutter in a fluid stream is reviewed in this article, where various approaches were found to understand, demonstrate and [sometimes] optimise harvester performance based on Movement-Induced or Extraneously Induced Excitation.

122 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the expected extreme base moment is computed by multiplying the mean base moment by the proposed GLF, which is then distributed to each floor in terms of the floor load in a format similar to the one used to distribute the base shear in earthquake engineering practice.

104 citations