Wireless backhaul for LTE - requirements, challenges and options
01 Dec 2008-pp 1-3
TL;DR: The paper concludes that while MPLS satisfies the requirements better today, given the time available for LTE evolution, native carrier Ethernet transport could emerge as a strong candidate for future deployments.
Abstract: Next generation broadband wireless technologies such as 3GPP long term evolution (LTE) and WiMax offer significantly higher data rates and require suitably higher capacity backhaul networks. While some service providers have started rolling out WiMax, 3GPP LTE is expected to be standardized during 2009, and many service providers are planning to offer LTE services by 2010-2012. Apart from significantly higher speeds, LTE Base stations (eNBs) require logical full mesh connectivity due to the flat all-IP architecture. This paper explores the wireless backhaul network infrastructure options for addressing the LTE bandwidth and connectivity challenges. The paper details the backhaul requirements for 3GPP LTE as specified in the LTE specifications. The paper analyses different architectures for the backhaul access and aggregation networks. The paper proposes a logical topology model for the aggregation network, examines its realization via carrier Ethernet transport and IP/MPLS, and identifies technology gaps in realizing the logical topology model. The paper concludes that while MPLS satisfies the requirements better today, given the time available for LTE evolution, native carrier Ethernet transport could emerge as a strong candidate for future deployments.
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TL;DR: This work develops a novel framework to quantify overhead signaling for inter-cell coordination, which is usually ignored in traditional 1-tier networks, and assumes even more importance in multi-tier heterogeneous cellular networks (HCNs).
Abstract: Heterogeneous base stations (e.g., picocells, microcells, femtocells, and distributed antennas) will become increasingly essential for cellular network capacity and coverage. Up until now, little basic research has been done on the fundamentals of managing so much infrastructure-much of it unplanned-together with the carefully planned macro-cellular network. Inter-cell coordination is in principle an effective way of ensuring different infrastructure components behave in a way that increases, rather than decreases, the key quality of service (QoS) metrics. The success of such coordination depends heavily on how the overhead is shared, and the rate and delay of the overhead sharing. We develop a novel framework to quantify overhead signaling for inter-cell coordination, which is usually ignored in traditional 1-tier networks, and assumes even more importance in multi-tier heterogeneous cellular networks (HCNs). We derive the overhead quality contour for general -tier HCNs-the achievable set of overhead packet rate, size, delay, and outage probability-in closed-form expressions or computable integrals under general assumptions on overhead arrivals and different overhead signaling methods (backhaul and/or wireless). The overhead quality contour is further simplified for two widely used models of overhead arrivals: Poisson and deterministic arrival process. This framework can be used in the design and evaluation of any inter-cell coordination scheme. It also provides design insights on backhaul and wireless overhead channels to handle specific overhead signaling requirements.
30 citations
Cites background from "Wireless backhaul for LTE - require..."
...Under this circumstance, our conjecture is that appropriate retransmission schemes and certain level of coding should also be deployed for further outage reduction....
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01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: A unifying scenario classification model and a selection of scenarios, developed within the EU FP7 QUASAR project to study secondary spectrum usage, enable the derivation of the most promising scenarios of secondary spectrum access.
Abstract: This paper presents a unifying scenario classification model and a selection of scenarios, developed within the EU FP7 QUASAR project to study secondary spectrum usage. The classification model categorizes scenarios from technical, regulatory, and economic perspective. It enables the derivation of the most promising scenarios of secondary spectrum access: Cellular and WiFi-like usage of TV white spaces, wireless backhauling using secondary spectrum access, license exempt use of the radar bands, use of the aeronautical bands for mobile broadband and cognitive machine-to-machine communication. These scenarios are presented in more detail along with motivations of why they are interesting to study further. The scenarios will provide the basis for the future work within the QUASAR project, which has the overall objective to assess the amount of useful spectrum opportunities for secondary spectrum access.
17 citations
Cites background from "Wireless backhaul for LTE - require..."
...Capacity provision of backhaul has become a stringent challenge to cellular operators with the increasing data rates of advanced cellular air interfaces [10]....
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TL;DR: Measurements indicated that MPLS-TP with ring protection is the best technique to enhanced the performance of LTE network.
Abstract: High demands for data rates in mobile communications is the reason for developing broadband wireless access technologies. Long Term Evolution (4G LTE) networks which offer significantly higher data rates and require suitably higher capacity backhaul networks. To prepare for the high data rates usage in 4G LTE, operators are using ethernet services in terms of backhaul connectivity. Protection packet switching developed to anticipated network failure on ethernet based network technology. The failures in the network include the link fails to connect to each network element, the network element fails to transfer the data to the destination, or the quality drops below the standard. In this paper we used two ethernet based technique, namely Ethernet over SDH and MPLS-TP with ring protection to anticipated network failure on these techniques. Furthermore, we measured performance of network by measuring and comparing the throughput, latency and jitter between Ethernet over SDH and MPLS-TP. We used bandwidth capacity 240 Mbps as plant bandwidth link and worked in MIMO 2 2. The results of measurements indicated that MPLS-TP with ring protection is the best technique to enhanced the performance of LTE network.
8 citations
Cites background from "Wireless backhaul for LTE - require..."
...LTE aims to offer a minimum of 100/50 Mbps DL/UL (Downlink/Uplink, 1 sector, 20MHz spectrum) and up to 1 Gbps DL (3 sectors, DL/UL of 300/150 Mbps per sector) per LTE Base Station (eNB) [1]....
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31 Oct 2012
TL;DR: The evolution of the mobile communication systems from GSM to LTE (2G to 4G) and the trends in the mobile Communication industry are discussed and the future of the networks based on the analysis of the cellular market in India is predicted.
Abstract: In this paper, we discuss the evolution of the mobile communication systems from GSM to LTE (2G to 4G) and the trends in the mobile communication industry. The Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a well established cellular system targeted here due to its engineering success and the large number of users currently using the services. The flexibility of wireless networks over voice and data transmission makes it one of the most popular modes of communication. Evolution to next generation services depends on an addition of new services and new features to the existing networks or even an integration of different communication technologies. With the invention of the devices such as tablets and smart phones the need to improve the data transmission rates and transmission efficiency has increased to higher than ever before. In this paper, we focus at some of the important issues pertaining to the evolution of mobile communication networks and predict the future of the networks based on the analysis of the cellular market in India. Since GSM networks accounts for more than 75% of the world wide cellular network, only the evolution of GSM network has been discussed in this paper.
6 citations
Cites background from "Wireless backhaul for LTE - require..."
...The HSCSD solution enables higher rates by using multiple channels, thereby allowing subscribers to enjoy faster rates for their internet, email, calendar and file transfer services....
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06 Jul 2014
TL;DR: The results of a detailed evaluation, from a total cost of ownership (TCO) point of view, for the business case of the various approaches when a hypothetical mobile network operator deployment is considered are presented.
Abstract: Mobile networks are unquestionably a key driver for growth in the telecommunications industry. Currently there are intense investments by network operators towards the widespread deployment of LTE/LTE-A 4G mobile networks to provide ultra-high bandwidth mobile data services. In addition there is a growing effort by the research community to define the architecture and technology enablers for the so-called 5G mobile networks. Such evolving/emerging mobile networks have significant requirements for high-capacity cost-effective front-hauling and back-hauling of the mobile traffic from the wireless base stations that are deployed either in macro-cells or small-cells configurations. The solutions currently under consideration for performing such traffic front/back-hauling are based on point-to-point or point-to-multi-point wireless transmission systems or alternatively on wireline based ones using copper pairs, coaxial cables or optical fibers. So far there is no published detailed examination available that compares the various approaches from a techno-economic perspective. In this presentation we will present the results of a detailed evaluation, from a total cost of ownership (TCO) point of view, for the business case of the various approaches when a hypothetical mobile network operator deployment is considered. Our study reveals the conditions under which the various technology alternatives are the preferred deployment option.
5 citations
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...978-1-4799-5601-2/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE 1...
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References
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01 Oct 2009
TL;DR: This document presents an architectural framework for extending pseudowire emulation across multiple packet switched network segments, defines terminology, and specifies the various protocol elements and their functions.
Abstract: This document describes an architecture for extending pseudowire
emulation across multiple packet switched network segments. Scenarios
are discussed where each segment of a given edge-to-edge emulated
service spans a different provider's PSN, and where the emulated
service originates and terminates on the same providers PSN, but may
pass through several PSN tunnel segments in that PSN. It presents an
architectural framework for such multi-segment pseudowires, defines
terminology, and specifies the various protocol elements and their
functions.
21 citations
20 Nov 2007
TL;DR: In this article, a GMPLS control plane is used to configure VLAN-aware Ethernet switches in order to establish Ethernet point-to-point (P2P) and P2MP MAC switchedpaths.
Abstract: This memo is complementary to [ARCH] and describes how a GMPLS
control plane may be applied to the Provider Backbone Bridges Traffic
Engineering (PBB-TE) [IEEE 802.1Qay] amendment to 802.1Q and how
GMPLS can be used to configure VLAN-aware Ethernet switches in order
to establish Ethernet point to point (P2P) and P2MP MAC switched
paths and P2P/P2MP VID based trees. This document supports, but does
not modify, the standard IEEE data.
16 citations
"Wireless backhaul for LTE - require..." refers methods in this paper
...Not standardized] P2P -PBB-TE with NMS or GMPLS, involving CAC, pinned (EVP-Line) paths and sub-50 msec protection via CCM. -PBB with PLSB as control plane* -PB with STPIIVL, or VLAN tunneling or cross connect....
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...PBB-TE addresses network/node scalability, avoids xSTP limitations and learning based forwarding with a configured or a GMPLS control plane based approach, provides resilience with preconfigured protection path and sub-50 msec switchover....
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...Future enhancements to PBB-TE for native P2MP support can be via GMPLS [7]....
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23 Mar 2009
TL;DR: Different interoperability scenarios where IEEE 802.1ah functionality is used in H-VPLS with Ethernet or MPLS access network to attain better scalability in terms of number of customer MAC addresses and number of service instances are described.
Abstract: The scalability of H-VPLS with Ethernet access network can be improved
by incorporating Provider Backbone Bridge (PBB) functionality in VPLS
access. PBB has been standardized as IEEE 802.1ah-2008, which is an
amendment to 802.1Q to improve the scalability of MAC addresses and
service instances in Provider Ethernet networks. This document
describes different interoperability scenarios where IEEE 802.1ah
functionality is used in H-VPLS with Ethernet or MPLS access network
to attain better scalability in terms of number of customer MAC
addresses and number of service instances. The document also describes
the scenarios and the mechanisms for incorporating PBB functionality
within H-VPLS with existing IEEE 802.1ad (aka QinQ) Ethernet access
and interoperability among them. Furthermore, the document discusses
the migration mechanisms and scenarios by which PBB functionality can
be incorporated into H-VPLS with existing MPLS access. Conventions
used in this document The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED",
"SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY",
and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
RFC 2119.
15 citations
01 Dec 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a solution to the challenges of Ethernet as a carrier transport technology. But, Ethernet has some outstanding challenges to be solved before it can be deployed as a singular technology to address all network and application service requirements.
Abstract: Many carriers are already offering Metro Ethernet services at a fraction of the cost of TDM services. Many are also in the midst of effecting major Network transformations involving Carrier Ethernet to gear up to NGN service and transport requirements. Carrier Ethernet improves operational efficiencies and provides ability to be a launch pad for newer services. As part of the various Industry forum and Standards body initiatives, Ethernet has got increasingly ?sanitized? (?Sonetized and ATMized?) to acquire some of the proven carrier grade characteristics from SONET/SDH and ATM technologies. Still, Ethernet as a Carrier Transport technology has some outstanding challenges to be solved before it can be deployed as a singular technology to address all network and application service requirements
3 citations
"Wireless backhaul for LTE - require..." refers background in this paper
...Carrier Ethernet Transport evolution and challenges have been evaluated in [12]....
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10 Jul 2007
TL;DR: This draft describes the architecture and procedures where Pseudowires are carried across PBT tunnels as the Packet Switched Network (PSN).
Abstract: Provider Backbone Transport (PBT, known as well as PBB-TE and
progressed in IEEE as 802.1Qay [802.1Qay]) provides a mechanism where
native Ethernet point-to-point tunnels can be configured or signaled
across a provider-based Ethernet network [FEDYK]. PWE3 architecture
defines a mechanism, called pseudowires, that emulates the essential
attributes of a layer-2 and layer-1 service over a Packet Switched
Network (PSN). This draft describes the architecture and procedures
where Pseudowires are carried across PBT tunnels. In this proposal PBT
tunnels are used as the PSN.
2 citations
"Wireless backhaul for LTE - require..." refers background in this paper
...Also, PBB-TE today does not support Pseudowires natively [8], which is a key requirement for 3G services continuity....
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