Wireless Body Area Networks: A Survey
14 Jan 2014-IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)-Vol. 16, Iss: 3, pp 1658-1686
TL;DR: The current state-of-art of WBANs is surveyed based on the latest standards and publications, and open issues and challenges within each area are explored as a source of inspiration towards future developments inWBANs.
Abstract: Recent developments and technological advancements in wireless communication, MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) technology and integrated circuits has enabled low-power, intelligent, miniaturized, invasive/non-invasive micro and nano-technology sensor nodes strategically placed in or around the human body to be used in various applications, such as personal health monitoring. This exciting new area of research is called Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) and leverages the emerging IEEE 802.15.6 and IEEE 802.15.4j standards, specifically standardized for medical WBANs. The aim of WBANs is to simplify and improve speed, accuracy, and reliability of communication of sensors/actuators within, on, and in the immediate proximity of a human body. The vast scope of challenges associated with WBANs has led to numerous publications. In this paper, we survey the current state-of-art of WBANs based on the latest standards and publications. Open issues and challenges within each area are also explored as a source of inspiration towards future developments in WBANs.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: By selectively analyzing the literature, this paper systematically survey how the adoption of the above-mentioned Industry 4.0 technologies (and their integration) applied to the health domain is changing the way to provide traditional services and products.
431 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the thirty-year history of ML by elaborating on supervised learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning and deep learning and investigate their employment in the compelling applications of wireless networks, including heterogeneous networks, cognitive radios (CR), Internet of Things (IoT), machine to machine networks (M2M), and so on.
Abstract: Future wireless networks have a substantial potential in terms of supporting a broad range of complex compelling applications both in military and civilian fields, where the users are able to enjoy high-rate, low-latency, low-cost and reliable information services. Achieving this ambitious goal requires new radio techniques for adaptive learning and intelligent decision making because of the complex heterogeneous nature of the network structures and wireless services. Machine learning (ML) algorithms have great success in supporting big data analytics, efficient parameter estimation and interactive decision making. Hence, in this article, we review the thirty-year history of ML by elaborating on supervised learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning and deep learning. Furthermore, we investigate their employment in the compelling applications of wireless networks, including heterogeneous networks (HetNets), cognitive radios (CR), Internet of Things (IoT), machine to machine networks (M2M), and so on. This article aims for assisting the readers in clarifying the motivation and methodology of the various ML algorithms, so as to invoke them for hitherto unexplored services as well as scenarios of future wireless networks.
413 citations
TL;DR: A new anonymous authentication scheme for WBANs is proposed and it is proved that it is provably secure and overcomes the security weaknesses in previous schemes but also has the same computation costs at a client side.
Abstract: Advances in wireless communications, embedded systems, and integrated circuit technologies have enabled the wireless body area network (WBAN) to become a promising networking paradigm. Over the last decade, as an important part of the Internet of Things, we have witnessed WBANs playing an increasing role in modern medical systems because of its capabilities to collect real-time biomedical data through intelligent medical sensors in or around the patients’ body and send the collected data to remote medical personnel for clinical diagnostics. WBANs not only bring us conveniences but also bring along the challenge of keeping data’s confidentiality and preserving patients’ privacy. In the past few years, several anonymous authentication (AA) schemes for WBANs were proposed to enhance security by protecting patients’ identities and by encrypting medical data. However, many of these schemes are not secure enough. First, we review the most recent AA scheme for WBANs and point out that it is not secure for medical applications by proposing an impersonation attack. After that, we propose a new AA scheme for WBANs and prove that it is provably secure. Our detailed analysis results demonstrate that our proposed AA scheme not only overcomes the security weaknesses in previous schemes but also has the same computation costs at a client side.
374 citations
Cites background from "Wireless Body Area Networks: A Surv..."
...is expected that about 81 million people will be 60 or older in 2050 [1]....
[...]
...According to previous works [1], [10]–[12], [17], [18], [32], the authentication scheme for WBANs should satisfy the following security...
[...]
TL;DR: A comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art research and development in smart home based remote healthcare technologies is presented.
Abstract: Advancements in medical science and technology, medicine and public health coupled with increased consciousness about nutrition and environmental and personal hygiene have paved the way for the dramatic increase in life expectancy globally in the past several decades. However, increased life expectancy has given rise to an increasing aging population, thus jeopardizing the socio-economic structure of many countries in terms of costs associated with elderly healthcare and wellbeing. In order to cope with the growing need for elderly healthcare services, it is essential to develop affordable, unobtrusive and easy-to-use healthcare solutions. Smart homes, which incorporate environmental and wearable medical sensors, actuators, and modern communication and information technologies, can enable continuous and remote monitoring of elderly health and wellbeing at a low cost. Smart homes may allow the elderly to stay in their comfortable home environments instead of expensive and limited healthcare facilities. Healthcare personnel can also keep track of the overall health condition of the elderly in real-time and provide feedback and support from distant facilities. In this paper, we have presented a comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art research and development in smart home based remote healthcare technologies.
363 citations
Cites background from "Wireless Body Area Networks: A Surv..."
...For instance, the cell phone of a diabetic patient can detect the glucose and send it to a doctor for analysis [33]....
[...]
TL;DR: Consumer trends in wearable electronics, commercial and emerging devices, and fabrication methods are discussed, and real‐time monitoring of vital signs using biosensors, stimuli‐responsive materials for drug delivery, and closed‐loop theranostic systems are reviewed.
Abstract: Wearables as medical technologies are becoming an integral part of personal analytics, measuring physical status, recording physiological parameters, or informing schedule for medication. These continuously evolving technology platforms do not only promise to help people pursue a healthier life style, but also provide continuous medical data for actively tracking metabolic status, diagnosis, and treatment. Advances in the miniaturization of flexible electronics, electrochemical biosensors, microfluidics, and artificial intelligence algorithms have led to wearable devices that can generate real-time medical data within the Internet of things. These flexible devices can be configured to make conformal contact with epidermal, ocular, intracochlear, and dental interfaces to collect biochemical or electrophysiological signals. This article discusses consumer trends in wearable electronics, commercial and emerging devices, and fabrication methods. It also reviews real-time monitoring of vital signs using biosensors, stimuli-responsive materials for drug delivery, and closed-loop theranostic systems. It covers future challenges in augmented, virtual, and mixed reality, communication modes, energy management, displays, conformity, and data safety. The development of patient-oriented wearable technologies and their incorporation in randomized clinical trials will facilitate the design of safe and effective approaches.
327 citations
References
More filters
04 Jan 2000
TL;DR: The Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) as mentioned in this paper is a clustering-based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of local cluster based station (cluster-heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network.
Abstract: Wireless distributed microsensor systems will enable the reliable monitoring of a variety of environments for both civil and military applications. In this paper, we look at communication protocols, which can have significant impact on the overall energy dissipation of these networks. Based on our findings that the conventional protocols of direct transmission, minimum-transmission-energy, multi-hop routing, and static clustering may not be optimal for sensor networks, we propose LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), a clustering-based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of local cluster based station (cluster-heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network. LEACH uses localized coordination to enable scalability and robustness for dynamic networks, and incorporates data fusion into the routing protocol to reduce the amount of information that must be transmitted to the base station. Simulations show the LEACH can achieve as much as a factor of 8 reduction in energy dissipation compared with conventional outing protocols. In addition, LEACH is able to distribute energy dissipation evenly throughout the sensors, doubling the useful system lifetime for the networks we simulated.
12,497 citations
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), a clustering-based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of local cluster based station (cluster-heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network, is proposed.
Abstract: Wireless distributed microsensor systems will enable the reliable monitoring of a variety of environments for both civil and military applications. In this paper, we look at communication protocols, which can have signicant impact on the overall energy dissipation of these networks. Based on our ndings that the conventional protocols of direct transmission, minimum-transmission-energy, multihop routing, and static clustering may not be optimal for sensor networks, we propose LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), a clustering-based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of local cluster base stations (cluster-heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network. LEACH uses localized coordination to enable scalability and robustness for dynamic networks, and incorporates data fusion into the routing protocol to reduce the amount of information that must be transmitted to the base station. Simulations show that LEACH can achieve as much as a factor of 8 reduction in energy dissipation compared with conventional routing protocols. In addition, LEACH is able to distribute energy dissipation evenly throughout the sensors, doubling the useful system lifetime for the networks we simulated.
11,412 citations
"Wireless Body Area Networks: A Surv..." refers methods in this paper
...The proposed approach is based on LEACH [82] and spreads energy dissipation by choosing its cluster-head at regular time intervals....
[...]
...One other improvement to the LEACH protocol is Hybrid Indirect Transmissions (HIT) [83] that forms chains by combining the clusters that improve energy efficiency....
[...]
...LEACH assumes all nodes to be in the sending range of the base station whereas Anybody solves this issue by changing the cluster-head selection and building a backbone network consisting of cluster-heads....
[...]
01 May 2005
TL;DR: The three main categories explored in this paper are data-centric, hierarchical and location-based; each routing protocol is described and discussed under the appropriate category.
Abstract: Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential consideration. Most of the attention, however, has been given to the routing protocols since they might differ depending on the application and network architecture. This paper surveys recent routing protocols for sensor networks and presents a classification for the various approaches pursued. The three main categories explored in this paper are data-centric, hierarchical and location-based. Each routing protocol is described and discussed under the appropriate category. Moreover, protocols using contemporary methodologies such as network flow and quality of service modeling are also discussed. The paper concludes with open research issues. � 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
3,573 citations
"Wireless Body Area Networks: A Surv..." refers background in this paper
...Due to the aforementioned issues and specific WBANs challenges, the routing protocols designed for MANETs and WSNs are not applicable to WBANs [16]....
[...]
...The mixed motion of nodes differs from WSNs. WBAN’s therefore need to be more robust and respond more quickly to changes in their topology....
[...]
...WBANs may interact with the Internet and other existing wireless technologies like ZigBee, WSNs, Bluetooth, Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN), Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN), video surveillance systems and cellular networks....
[...]
...WBANs are considered to be a subset of WSNs or Wireless Sensor or Actuator network (WSAN) [8]....
[...]
...As battery replacement and charging is not feasible in implant medical devices, network lifetime is of more importance in WBANs compared to WPANs and WSNs [21]....
[...]
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In this article, a wide range of routing protocols have been proposed in the literature and a performance comparison of all routing protocols and suggest which protocols may perform best in large networks is provided.
Abstract: The 1990s have seen a rapid growth of research interests in mobile ad hoc networking. The infrastructureless and the dynamic nature of these networks demands new set of networking strategies to be implemented in order to provide efficient end-to-end communication. This, along with the diverse application of these networks in many different scenarios such as battlefield and disaster recovery, have seen MANETs being researched by many different organisations and institutes. MANETs employ the traditional TCP/IP structure to provide end-to-end communication between nodes. However, due to their mobility and the limited resource in wireless networks, each layer in the TCP/IP model require redefinition or modifications to function efficiently in MANETs. One interesting research area in MANET is routing. Routing in the MANETs is a challenging task and has received a tremendous amount of attention from researches. This has led to development of many different routing protocols for MANETs, and each author of each proposed protocol argues that the strategy proposed provides an improvement over a number of different strategies considered in the literature for a given network scenario. Therefore, it is quite difficult to determine which protocols may perform best under a number of different network scenarios, such as increasing node density and traffic. In this paper, we provide an overview of a wide range of routing protocols proposed in the literature. We also provide a performance comparison of all routing protocols and suggest which protocols may perform best in large networks.
1,281 citations
TL;DR: This paper provides a detailed investigation of sensor devices, physical layer, data link layer, and radio technology aspects of BAN research, and presents a taxonomy of B Ban projects that have been introduced/proposed to date.
Abstract: Advances in wireless communication technologies, such as wearable and implantable biosensors, along with recent developments in the embedded computing area are enabling the design, development, and implementation of body area networks. This class of networks is paving the way for the deployment of innovative healthcare monitoring applications. In the past few years, much of the research in the area of body area networks has focused on issues related to wireless sensor designs, sensor miniaturization, low-power sensor circuitry, signal processing, and communications protocols. In this paper, we present an overview of body area networks, and a discussion of BAN communications types and their related issues. We provide a detailed investigation of sensor devices, physical layer, data link layer, and radio technology aspects of BAN research. We also present a taxonomy of BAN projects that have been introduced/proposed to date. Finally, we highlight some of the design challenges and open issues that still need to be addressed to make BANs truly ubiquitous for a wide range of applications.
1,239 citations
"Wireless Body Area Networks: A Surv..." refers background in this paper
...Tier-2 communication aims to interconnect WBANs with various networks, which can easily be accessed in daily life as well as cellular networks and the Internet [5]....
[...]
...However, the MAC protocols proposed thus far for WBANs do not provide efficient network throughput and delay performance at varying traffic and the synchronization of duty cycles of their sensors with variant traffic characteristics and power requirements remains a challenge [5]....
[...]
...In [29–32], which are drafts of IEEE standards related to technical requirements of WBANs, the number of nodes in a WBAN is stated to range from a few actuators or sensors communicating with a portable handset reaching up to tens to hundreds of actuators or sensors communicating with a gateway to the Internet....
[...]
...WBANs are expected to cause a dramatic shift in how people manage and think about their health, similar to the way the Internet has changed the way people look for information and communicate with each other [2]....
[...]
...A gateway such as a PDA can be used to bridge the connection between Tier-2 and this tier; in essence from the Internet to the Medical Server (MS) in a specific application [8]....
[...]