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Journal ArticleDOI

Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the technologies in the wireless power transfer (WPT) area applicable to electric vehicle (EV) wireless charging, and the obstacles of charging time, range, and cost can be easily mitigated.
Abstract: Wireless power transfer (WPT) using magnetic resonance is the technology which could set human free from the annoying wires. In fact, the WPT adopts the same basic theory which has already been developed for at least 30 years with the term inductive power transfer. WPT technology is developing rapidly in recent years. At kilowatts power level, the transfer distance increases from several millimeters to several hundred millimeters with a grid to load efficiency above 90%. The advances make the WPT very attractive to the electric vehicle (EV) charging applications in both stationary and dynamic charging scenarios. This paper reviewed the technologies in the WPT area applicable to EV wireless charging. By introducing WPT in EVs, the obstacles of charging time, range, and cost can be easily mitigated. Battery technology is no longer relevant in the mass market penetration of EVs. It is hoped that researchers could be encouraged by the state-of-the-art achievements, and push forward the further development of WPT as well as the expansion of EV.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presents an overview of WPT techniques with emphasis on working mechanisms, technical challenges, metamaterials, and classical applications, and discusses about future development trends.
Abstract: Due to limitations of low power density, high cost, heavy weight, etc., the development and application of battery-powered devices are facing with unprecedented technical challenges. As a novel pattern of energization, the wireless power transfer (WPT) offers a band new way to the energy acquisition for electric-driven devices, thus alleviating the over-dependence on the battery. This paper presents an overview of WPT techniques with emphasis on working mechanisms, technical challenges, metamaterials, and classical applications. Focusing on WPT systems, this paper elaborates on current major research topics and discusses about future development trends. This novel energy transmission mechanism shows significant meanings on the pervasive application of renewable energies in our daily life.

875 citations


Cites background from "Wireless Power Transfer for Electri..."

  • ...[88]–[91] for dynamic wireless charging and the resonant IPT [92] for both static wireless charging and dynamic wireless charging....

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  • ...ing to the traditional plug-in EVs [92], which shows significant meanings for the further development and the wide application of EVs in our daily life....

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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 2018
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive review of charging pad, power electronics configurations, compensation networks, controls, and standards is presented, along with a detailed analysis of the charging range of EVs.
Abstract: More than a century-old gasoline internal combustion engine is a major contributor to greenhouse gases. Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to achieve eco-friendly transportation. However, the major limitation in achieving this vision is the battery technology. It suffers from drawbacks such as high cost, rare material, low energy density, and large weight. The problems related to battery technology can be addressed by dynamically charging the EV while on the move. In-motion charging can reduce the battery storage requirement, which could significantly extend the driving range of an EV. This paper reviews recent advances in stationary and dynamic wireless charging of EVs. A comprehensive review of charging pad, power electronics configurations, compensation networks, controls, and standards is presented.

553 citations


Cites background from "Wireless Power Transfer for Electri..."

  • ...The secondary side of LCL compensation can be either a parallel compensation or series compensation....

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  • ...Multiple primary and secondary coils are connected in series with an LCL resonant circuit....

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  • ...The compensation network on the primary and secondary can be connected in series, parallel, or other compensation configurations such as LCC and LCL [39]....

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  • ...Li and Mi [39] and Musavi and Eberle [40] report the review of WPT for EV in stationary and dynamic WPT....

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  • ...24(c) is the LCL resonant network, which overcomes the problems associated with S–...

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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 2018
TL;DR: This paper provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art review of all the wireless charging technologies for electric vehicle (EVs), characteristics and standards available in the open literature, as well as sustainable implications and potential safety measures.
Abstract: The profitable commercialization and fast adoption of electrified transportation require fast, economical, and reliable charging infrastructure. This paper provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art review of all the wireless charging technologies for electric vehicle (EVs), characteristics and standards available in the open literature, as well as sustainable implications and potential safety measures. A comparative overview of conductive charging and wireless charging is followed by a detailed description of static wireless charging, dynamic wireless charging (DWC), and quasi-DWC. Roadblocks, such as coil design of power pads, frequency, power level limitations, misalignment, and potential solutions, are outlined. The standards are then tabulated to deliver a coherent view of the current status, followed by an explanation of the crux of these standards. Necessity and progress in the standardization of wireless charging systems are then deliberated. Vehicle-to-grid application of wireless charging is reviewed followed by an overview of economic analysis, social implications, the effect on sustainability, and safety aspects to evaluate the commercial feasibility of wireless charging. This paper will be highly beneficial to research entities, industry professionals, and investment representatives as a ready reference of the wireless charging system of EVs, with information on important characteristics and standards.

542 citations


Cites background from "Wireless Power Transfer for Electri..."

  • ...As resonant frequency is given by ω = 1/√LC , where L is inductance and C is capacitance [64]....

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  • ...For transferring high power, the value of coupling coefficient must be as high as possible [64]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
14 Jun 2017-Nature
TL;DR: This paper proposes theoretically and demonstrates experimentally that a parity–time-symmetric circuit incorporating a nonlinear gain saturation element provides robust wireless power transfer and shows that the transfer efficiency remains near unity over a distance variation of approximately one metre.
Abstract: Considerable progress in wireless power transfer has been made in the realm of non-radiative transfer, which employs magnetic-field coupling in the near field. A combination of circuit resonance and impedance transformation is often used to help to achieve efficient transfer of power over a predetermined distance of about the size of the resonators. The development of non-radiative wireless power transfer has paved the way towards real-world applications such as wireless powering of implantable medical devices and wireless charging of stationary electric vehicles. However, it remains a fundamental challenge to create a wireless power transfer system in which the transfer efficiency is robust against the variation of operating conditions. Here we propose theoretically and demonstrate experimentally that a parity-time-symmetric circuit incorporating a nonlinear gain saturation element provides robust wireless power transfer. Our results show that the transfer efficiency remains near unity over a distance variation of approximately one metre, without the need for any tuning. This is in contrast with conventional methods where high transfer efficiency can only be maintained by constantly tuning the frequency or the internal coupling parameters as the transfer distance or the relative orientation of the source and receiver units is varied. The use of a nonlinear parity-time-symmetric circuit should enable robust wireless power transfer to moving devices or vehicles.

486 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for automatic "maximum energy efficiency tracking" operation for wireless power transfer (WPT) systems is presented using the switchedmode converter in the receiver module to emulate the optimal load value, the proposed method follows the maximum energy efficiency operating points of a WPT system by searching for the minimum input power operating point for a given output power.
Abstract: A method for automatic “maximum energy efficiency tracking” operation for wireless power transfer (WPT) systems is presented in this paper. Using the switched-mode converter in the receiver module to emulate the optimal load value, the proposed method follows the maximum energy efficiency operating points of a WPT system by searching for the minimum input power operating point for a given output power. Because the searching process is carried out on the transmitter side, the proposal does not require any wireless communication feedback from the receiver side. The control scheme has been successfully demonstrated in a two-coil system under both weak and strong magnetic coupling conditions. Experimental results are included to confirm its feasibility.

372 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Li-ion battery technology has become very important in recent years as these batteries show great promise as power sources that can lead us to the electric vehicle (EV) revolution as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Li-ion battery technology has become very important in recent years as these batteries show great promise as power sources that can lead us to the electric vehicle (EV) revolution. The development of new materials for Li-ion batteries is the focus of research in prominent groups in the field of materials science throughout the world. Li-ion batteries can be considered to be the most impressive success story of modern electrochemistry in the last two decades. They power most of today's portable devices, and seem to overcome the psychological barriers against the use of such high energy density devices on a larger scale for more demanding applications, such as EV. Since this field is advancing rapidly and attracting an increasing number of researchers, it is important to provide current and timely updates of this constantly changing technology. In this review, we describe the key aspects of Li-ion batteries: the basic science behind their operation, the most relevant components, anodes, cathodes, electrolyte solutions, as well as important future directions for R&D of advanced Li-ion batteries for demanding use, such as EV and load-leveling applications.

5,531 citations


"Wireless Power Transfer for Electri..." refers background in this paper

  • ...of the commercialized lithium-ion battery in EVs is only 90–100 Wh/kg for a finished pack [2]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
06 Jul 2007-Science
TL;DR: A quantitative model is presented describing the power transfer of self-resonant coils in a strongly coupled regime, which matches the experimental results to within 5%.
Abstract: Using self-resonant coils in a strongly coupled regime, we experimentally demonstrated efficient nonradiative power transfer over distances up to 8 times the radius of the coils We were able to transfer 60 watts with ∼40% efficiency over distances in excess of 2 meters We present a quantitative model describing the power transfer, which matches the experimental results to within 5% We discuss the practical applicability of this system and suggest directions for further study

5,284 citations


"Wireless Power Transfer for Electri..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...The researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) used a frequency at around 10 MHz and the coil Q value reached nearly 1000 [3]....

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  • ...S. Li is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China (e-mail: lisiqi@kmust.edu.cn)....

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  • ...The knowledge gained from the on-line electric vehicle (OLEV) project conducted at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) also contributes to the WPT design....

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  • ...In the United States, more and more public attention was drawn to the WPT since the publication of the 2007 Science paper [3]....

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  • ...paper in Science [3], in which 60 W power is transferred at a 2-m distance with the so called strongly coupled magnetic...

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Journal ArticleDOI
John Kenney1
16 Jun 2011
TL;DR: The content and status of the DSRC standards being developed for deployment in the United States are explained, including insights into why specific technical solutions are being adopted, and key challenges remaining for successful DSRC deployment.
Abstract: Wireless vehicular communication has the potential to enable a host of new applications, the most important of which are a class of safety applications that can prevent collisions and save thousands of lives. The automotive industry is working to develop the dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) technology, for use in vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communication. The effectiveness of this technology is highly dependent on cooperative standards for interoperability. This paper explains the content and status of the DSRC standards being developed for deployment in the United States. Included in the discussion are the IEEE 802.11p amendment for wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE), the IEEE 1609.2, 1609.3, and 1609.4 standards for Security, Network Services and Multi-Channel Operation, the SAE J2735 Message Set Dictionary, and the emerging SAE J2945.1 Communication Minimum Performance Requirements standard. The paper shows how these standards fit together to provide a comprehensive solution for DSRC. Most of the key standards are either recently published or expected to be completed in the coming year. A reader will gain a thorough understanding of DSRC technology for vehicular communication, including insights into why specific technical solutions are being adopted, and key challenges remaining for successful DSRC deployment. The U.S. Department of Transportation is planning to decide in 2013 whether to require DSRC equipment in new vehicles.

1,866 citations


"Wireless Power Transfer for Electri..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The DSRC is a technology based on global position system and IEEE 802.11p wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), which could realize the connection between vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) [115]....

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  • ...could realize the connection between vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) [115]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A circuit model is presented along with a derivation of key system concepts, such as frequency splitting, the maximum operating distance (critical coupling), and the behavior of the system as it becomes undercoupled, including the introduction of key figures of merit.
Abstract: Wireless power technology offers the promise of cutting the last cord, allowing users to seamlessly recharge mobile devices as easily as data are transmitted through the air. Initial work on the use of magnetically coupled resonators for this purpose has shown promising results. We present new analysis that yields critical insight into the design of practical systems, including the introduction of key figures of merit that can be used to compare systems with vastly different geometries and operating conditions. A circuit model is presented along with a derivation of key system concepts, such as frequency splitting, the maximum operating distance (critical coupling), and the behavior of the system as it becomes undercoupled. This theoretical model is validated against measured data and shows an excellent average coefficient of determination of 0.9875. An adaptive frequency tuning technique is demonstrated, which compensates for efficiency variations encountered when the transmitter-to-receiver distance and/or orientation are varied. The method demonstrated in this paper allows a fixed-load receiver to be moved to nearly any position and/or orientation within the range of the transmitter and still achieve a near-constant efficiency of over 70% for a range of 0-70 cm.

1,630 citations


"Wireless Power Transfer for Electri..." refers background in this paper

  • ...circuit, as well as the system analysis and control [4]–[9]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper overviews theoretical and practical design issues related to inductive power transfer systems and verifies the developed theory using a practical electric vehicle battery charger.
Abstract: This paper overviews theoretical and practical design issues related to inductive power transfer systems and verifies the developed theory using a practical electric vehicle battery charger. The design focuses on the necessary approaches to ensure power transfer over the complete operating range of the system. As such, a new approach to the design of the primary resonant circuit is proposed, whereby deviations from design expectations due to phase or frequency shift are minimized. Of particular interest are systems that are neither loosely nor tightly coupled. The developed solution depends on the selected primary and secondary resonant topologies, the magnetic coupling coefficient, and the secondary quality factor.

1,389 citations


"Wireless Power Transfer for Electri..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...Depending on where the control action is applied, the control method could be classified as primary side control [92], [95], [97], secondary side control [27], [30], [45], and dual-side control [55]....

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  • ...To achieve ZPA at the primary side, the primary capacitances for different types are listed in Table I [27]....

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  • ...The IPT system has already been proposed and applied to various applications, such as underwater vehicles [32]–[34], mining systems [16], cordless robots in automation production lines [36]–[39], as well as the charging of electric vehicles [13], [14], [25]–[27]....

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  • ...When the primary side coil has a constant current, a series compensation at the secondary side makes the output like a voltage source, while a parallel compensation makes the output like a current source [27]....

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  • ...are connected to the coils, there are four basic compensation topologies, which are series-series (SS), series-parallel (SP), parallel-parallel (PP), and parallel-series (PS) [21], [23], [27], [80]–[82]....

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