Wireless Sensor Network -A Survey
01 Jan 2013-
TL;DR: In this paper, various issues are discussed that actually put the limitations in the well working and the life time of the network.
Abstract: Wireless sensor networks are the networks consisting of large number of small and tiny sensor nodes. The nodes are supplied with limited power, memory and other resources and perform in-network processing. In this paper, various issues are discussed that actually put the limitations in the well working and the life time of the network. In Wireless sensor network, nodes should consume less power, memory and so data aggregation should be performed. Security is another aspect which should be present in the network. Quality of service, routing, medium access schemes all are considered in designing the protocols.
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01 Sep 2012
TL;DR: A survey of technologies, applications and research challenges for Internetof-Things is presented, in which digital and physical entities can be linked by means of appropriate information and communication technologies to enable a whole new class of applications and services.
Abstract: The term ‘‘Internet-of-Things’’ is used as an umbrella keyword for covering various aspects related to the extension of the Internet and the Web into the physical realm, by means of the widespread deployment of spatially distributed devices with embedded identification, sensing and/or actuation capabilities. Internet-of-Things envisions a future in which digital and physical entities can be linked, by means of appropriate information and communication technologies, to enable a whole new class of applications and services. In this article, we present a survey of technologies, applications and research challenges for Internetof-Things.
3,172 citations
Cites background from "Wireless Sensor Network -A Survey"
...In this sense, key building blocks are expected to be represented by wireless sensor networking technologies [9] and RFID [8,18,22]....
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...At the same time, in its development path, IoT will likely build on approaches introduced in a variety of relevant field, such as wireless sensor networks (as a means to collect contextual data [9]) and service-oriented architectures (SoA) as the software architectural approach for expanding Web-based services through IoT capabilities [19]....
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...In particular, the proposed classification includes devices considered in RFID research [8] as well as those considered in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and sensor/actor networks (SANETs) [9,10]....
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TL;DR: A framework for the realization of smart cities through the Internet of Things (IoT), which encompasses the complete urban information system, from the sensory level and networking support structure through to data management and Cloud-based integration of respective systems and services, and forms a transformational part of the existing cyber-physical system.
Abstract: Increasing population density in urban centers demands adequate provision of services and infrastructure to meet the needs of city inhabitants, encompassing residents, workers, and visitors. The utilization of information and communications technologies to achieve this objective presents an opportunity for the development of smart cities, where city management and citizens are given access to a wealth of real-time information about the urban environment upon which to base decisions, actions, and future planning. This paper presents a framework for the realization of smart cities through the Internet of Things (IoT). The framework encompasses the complete urban information system, from the sensory level and networking support structure through to data management and Cloud-based integration of respective systems and services, and forms a transformational part of the existing cyber-physical system. This IoT vision for a smart city is applied to a noise mapping case study to illustrate a new method for existing operations that can be adapted for the enhancement and delivery of important city services.
1,178 citations
Additional excerpts
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TL;DR: The classification initially proposed by Al-Karaki, is expanded, in order to enhance all the proposed papers since 2004 and to better describe which issues/operations in each protocol illustrate/enhance the energy-efficiency issues.
Abstract: The distributed nature and dynamic topology of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) introduces very special requirements in routing protocols that should be met. The most important feature of a routing protocol, in order to be efficient for WSNs, is the energy consumption and the extension of the network's lifetime. During the recent years, many energy efficient routing protocols have been proposed for WSNs. In this paper, energy efficient routing protocols are classified into four main schemes: Network Structure, Communication Model, Topology Based and Reliable Routing. The routing protocols belonging to the first category can be further classified as flat or hierarchical. The routing protocols belonging to the second category can be further classified as Query-based or Coherent and non-coherent-based or Negotiation-based. The routing protocols belonging to the third category can be further classified as Location-based or Mobile Agent-based. The routing protocols belonging to the fourth category can be further classified as QoS-based or Multipath-based. Then, an analytical survey on energy efficient routing protocols for WSNs is provided. In this paper, the classification initially proposed by Al-Karaki, is expanded, in order to enhance all the proposed papers since 2004 and to better describe which issues/operations in each protocol illustrate/enhance the energy-efficiency issues.
1,032 citations
Cites background from "Wireless Sensor Network -A Survey"
...[4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9] and [10]), this paper provides an analytical survey emphasizing on the energy-efficient routing protocols in WSNs....
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...The survey in [6], presents a top-down approach of several applications and reviews on various aspects of WSNs (2008)....
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TL;DR: This survey gives an overview of wireless sensor networks and their application domains including the challenges that should be addressed in order to push the technology further and identifies several open research issues that need to be investigated in future.
Abstract: Wireless sensor network (WSN) has emerged as one of the most promising technologies for the future. This has been enabled by advances in technology and availability of small, inexpensive, and smart sensors resulting in cost effective and easily deployable WSNs. However, researchers must address a variety of challenges to facilitate the widespread deployment of WSN technology in real-world domains. In this survey, we give an overview of wireless sensor networks and their application domains including the challenges that should be addressed in order to push the technology further. Then we review the recent technologies and testbeds for WSNs. Finally, we identify several open research issues that need to be investigated in future.
Our survey is different from existing surveys in that we focus on recent developments in wireless sensor network technologies. We review the leading research projects, standards and technologies, and platforms. Moreover, we highlight a recent phenomenon in WSN research that is to explore synergy between sensor networks and other technologies and explain how this can help sensor networks achieve their full potential. This paper intends to help new researchers entering the domain of WSNs by providing a comprehensive survey on recent developments.
922 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive study of wireless sensor networks' deployment in urban areas and discusses the merits and demerits of WSN architectures in urban environments.
594 citations
References
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TL;DR: The concept of sensor networks which has been made viable by the convergence of micro-electro-mechanical systems technology, wireless communications and digital electronics is described.
17,936 citations
27 Jan 2006
2,237 citations
Book•
27 May 2005
TL;DR: This book discusses the design principles for wireless sensor networks, and the many faces of forwarding and routing, and some of the approaches to combining hierarchical topologies and power control used in these networks.
Abstract: Preface. List of Abbreviations. A guide to the book. 1. Introduction. 1.1 The vision of Ambient Intelligence. 1.2 Application examples. 1.3 Types of applications. 1.4 Challenges for WSNs. 1.5 Why are sensor networks different? 1.6 Enabling technologies. PART I: ARCHITECTURES. 2. Single node architecture. 2.1 Hardware components. 2.2 Energy consumption of sensor nodes. 2.3 Operating systems and execution environments. 2.4 Some examples of sensor nodes. 2.5 Conclusion. 3. Network architecture. 3.1 Sensor network scenarios. 3.2 Optimization goals & figures of merit. 3.3 Design principles for WSNs. 3.4 Service interfaces of WSNs. 3.5 Gateway concepts. 3.6 Conclusion. PART II: COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS. 4. Physical Layer. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Wireless channel and communication fundamentals. 4.3 Physical layer & transceiver design considerations in WSNs. 4.4 Further reading. 5. MAC Protocols 133 5.1 Fundamentals of (wireless) MAC protocols. 5.2 Low duty cycle protocols and wakeup concepts. 5.3 Contention-based protocols. 5.4 Schedule-based protocols. 5.5 The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol. 5.6 How about IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth? 5.7 Further reading. 5.8 Conclusion. 6. Link Layer Protocols. 6.1 Fundamentals: Tasks and requirements. 6.2 Error control. 6.3 Framing. 6.4 Link management. 6.5 Summary. 7. Naming and Addressing. 7.1 Fundamentals. 7.2 Address and name management in wireless sensor networks. 7.3 Assignment of MAC addresses. 7.4 Distributed assignment of locally unique addresses. 7.5 Content-based and geographic addressing. 7.6 Summary. 8. Time Synchronization. 8.1 Introduction to the time synchronization problem. 8.2 Protocols based on sender/receiver synchronization. 8.3 Protocols based on receiver/receiver synchronization. 8.4 Further reading. 9. Localization and Positioning. 9.1 Properties of positioning. 9.2 Possible approaches. 9.3 Mathematical basics for the lateration problem. 9.4 Single-hop localization. 9.5 Positioning in multi-hop environments. 9.6 Impact of anchor placement. 9.7 Further reading. 9.8 Conclusion. 10. Topology control 295 10.1 Motivation and basic ideas. 10.2 Flat network topologies. 10.3 Hierarchical networks by dominating sets. 10.4 Hierarchical networks by clustering. 10.5 Combining hierarchical topologies and power control. 10.6 Adaptive node activity. 10.7 Conclusions. 11. Routing protocols. 11.1 The many faces of forwarding and routing. 11.2 Gossiping and agent-based unicast forwarding. 11.3 Energy-efficient unicast. 11.4 Broadcast and multicast. 11.5 Geographic routing. 11.6 Mobile nodes. 11.7 Conclusions. 12. Data-centric and content-based networking 395. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Data-centric routing. 12.3 Data aggregation. 12.4 Data-centric storage. 12.5 Conclusions. 13. Transport Layer and Quality of Service. 13.1 The transport layer and QoS in wireless sensor networks. 13.2 Coverage and deployment. 13.3 Reliable data transport. 13.5 Block delivery. 13.6 Congestion control and rate control. 14. Advanced application support. 14.1 Advanced in-network processing. 14.2 Security. 14.3 Application-specific support. Bibliography. Index.
1,894 citations
TL;DR: The sensor network properties that are crucial for the design of MAC layer protocols are outlined and several MAC protocols proposed for sensor networks are described, emphasizing their strengths and weaknesses.
Abstract: Wireless sensor networks are appealing to researchers due to their wide range of application potential in areas such as target detection and tracking, environmental monitoring, industrial process monitoring, and tactical systems. However, low sensing ranges result in dense networks and thus it becomes necessary to achieve an efficient medium-access protocol subject to power constraints. Various medium-access control (MAC) protocols with different objectives have been proposed for wireless sensor networks. In this article, we first outline the sensor network properties that are crucial for the design of MAC layer protocols. Then, we describe several MAC protocols proposed for sensor networks, emphasizing their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we point out open research issues with regard to MAC layer design.
1,283 citations
TL;DR: This article presents a survey of data-aggregation algorithms in wireless sensor networks and compares and contrast different algorithms on the basis of performance measures such as lifetime, latency, and data accuracy.
Abstract: Wireless sensor networks consist of sensor nodes with sensing and com- munication capabilities. We focus on data-aggregation problems in energy- constrained sensor networks. The main goal of data-aggregation algorithms is to gather and aggregate data in an energy efficient manner so that net- work lifetime is enhanced. In this article we present a survey of data-aggre- gation algorithms in wireless sensor networks. We compare and contrast different algorithms on the basis of performance measures such as lifetime, latency, and data accuracy. We conclude with possible future research directions.
943 citations