Wireless sensor networks: a survey
TL;DR: The concept of sensor networks which has been made viable by the convergence of micro-electro-mechanical systems technology, wireless communications and digital electronics is described.
About: This article is published in Computer Networks.The article was published on 2002-03-15. It has received 17936 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Key distribution in wireless sensor networks & Wireless sensor network.
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TL;DR: A novel protocol is proposed that aims to define a routing structure which maximizes data aggregation and minimizes the total transmission powers while ensuring a symmetric transmission power assignment to reliably deliver data.
Abstract: Data routing for in-network data aggregation is an important task in event-based wireless sensor networks. Previous works tackling this routing problem are distributed heuristics to the minimal Steiner tree. They aim to find a multihop routing structures that maximize data aggregation with the minimum number of hops. However, the nodes participating in this routing task don't have to use their maximum transmission powers, but instead, they have the potential to minimize them to conserve more energy. In this article we go further and based on the local minimum spanning tree algorithm and Ant-Colony-Optimization metaheuristic, we propose a novel protocol that aims to define a routing structure which maximizes data aggregation and minimizes the total transmission powers while ensuring a symmetric transmission power assignment to reliably deliver data. The proposal was widely compared to two other known protocols. Simulation results show the superiority of our protocol compared to these protocols.
4 citations
Cites background from "Wireless sensor networks: a survey"
...transmission and reception) compared to that which is consumed during computations [1,2,3]....
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...These networks have a wide range of applications such as habitat monitoring, agriculture, home automation, health care, emergency operations and many other applications[1,2]....
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...A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of a set of distributed and autonomous devices, called sensor nodes, that have the ability to measure ambient conditions such as temperature, motion, humidity, pressure, noise levels as well as others [1]....
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01 Oct 2019
TL;DR: A new sensor selection scheme in wireless sensor networks for structure health monitoring (SHM) based on cross entropy method that outperforms the benchmark method and is suitable for real experiment setting.
Abstract: We develop a new sensor selection scheme in wireless sensor networks for structure health monitoring (SHM). The sensor selection method is based on cross entropy method. It can help maximize the wireless sensor network lifetime while gurantee the quality of SHM. We model the structure as Gaussian Process distributed and nodes transmit to gateway (GW). Through extensive simulations, we show that our method outperforms the benchmark method which make it suitable for real experiment setting.
4 citations
Cites background from "Wireless sensor networks: a survey"
...Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have attracted considerable attention due to the large number of applications, such as environmental monitoring, weather forecasts [1], [2], surveillance, health care, and home automation [3]....
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TL;DR: The proposed FROA is the modification of the rider optimization algorithm (ROA) with the fractional theory, and the ultimate goal is to optimally place the mobile sink for which initially, the wireless sensor environment is split as uniform‐sized cells with the Voronoi partitions and clusters are formed using sparse fuzzy c‐means (sparse‐FCM) algorithm.
4 citations
Cites background from "Wireless sensor networks: a survey"
...There are two architectures in the hierarchical networks, which includes the cluster and chain architecture.(12,13) The commonly existing popular routing protocols contributing the hierarchical data aggregation include the power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems (PEGASIS) and lowenergy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH)....
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24 Aug 2020
TL;DR: A conceptual framework and a physical design of automating switch gear asset supply chain management system for a TNB subsidiary company is designed and its effectiveness as a futuristic system for asset tracking is tested.
Abstract: Resources, for example, switch gears may travel a large number of miles, changing hands a few times or more, before they arrive at their last goals. In this intricate circumstance, slips up or resources being taken along the gracefully chain are unavoidable. Regardless of how strong the coordinations arrange for a specific resource, sooner or later a transporter will stall out in rush hour gridlock, or a carton will be deferred at a stockroom, or a benefit will disappear by and large. With customary gracefully chain the executives arrangements, coordinations administrators frequently do not get some answers concerning postponed or misrouted resources until those advantages show up after the expected time or not under any condition at their goals. These hours convert into lost efficiency, postponed creation and harmed customer connections. However, with newer technological advancements such as Internet of Things (IoT) and Radio Frequency Integrated Devices (RFID), these problems could be avoided or minimized and significantly reduce losses whereby the location of assets could be monitored in real time, as they travel along worldwide transportation routes. Furthermore, the technology allows the industry to visualize and manage critical goods from anywhere, at any time, on a global scale. In this research, we aim to design a conceptual framework and a physical design of automating switch gear asset supply chain management system for a TNB subsidiary company and test its effectiveness as a futuristic system for asset tracking. However this paper reports on the conceptual design approach.
4 citations
Cites methods from "Wireless sensor networks: a survey"
...The successful integration of RFID and WSN will also highly be dependent upon energy expenditure of the integrated network, manufacturing processes and the cost consideration for an effective userfriendly interfaces and network paradigm....
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...Pertaining to the problem mentioned above, we propose a solution architecture which consists of the following components to arrive at the desired outcome: a. Wireless sensor network (WSN) b. Connectivity to a backend server c....
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...Objects presence is detected by RFID and sensing the condition of objects is performed by WSN; RFID is embedded to the object and provides the data, presence of the object is identified by WSN. Area is given by WSN and recognizing the articles is acquired by RFID thus helps in finding the specific area of items by utilizing of RFID and WSN [14 – 18]....
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...Few new applications can be achieved by combining the properties of RFID and WSN [13]....
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...An Enterprise Resource Planning system V. INTEGRATION OF RFID AND WSNS Detecting and observing nature are performed by Wireless sensor Networks (WSN) [12]....
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01 Sep 2020
TL;DR: This article proposes an efficient clustering mobile sink-based approach for efficient data gathering that moves in an Archimedes’ spiral path with fixed speed without any location update broadcasting.
Abstract: As of late, the improvement of savvy sensors in certifiable applications has offered footing to the movement of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In WSNs, preserving sensors’ energy is a challenging issue and certainly requires extreme attention as they are limited-powered nodes. Utilizing mobile sink based approaches has been proven to be effective in mitigating the aforementioned limitation. As far as the sensor nodes are concerned, keeping track of the sink location is one of the most challenging issues that is facing them. To address this concern, this article proposes an efficient clustering mobile sink-based approach for efficient data gathering. Particularly, the sink node moves in an Archimedes’ spiral path with fixed speed without any location update broadcasting. The simulation results show significant improvements over which is quite pertinent in the literature in the perspective of network lifetime.
4 citations
Cites background from "Wireless sensor networks: a survey"
...This results in developing a low-power, low-cost, small sized and multifunctional sensor nodes [1-2]....
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References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
"Wireless sensor networks: a survey" refers background in this paper
...The exponent n is closer to four for low-lying antennae and nearground channels [72,82], as is typical in sensor network communication....
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04 Jan 2000
TL;DR: The Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) as mentioned in this paper is a clustering-based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of local cluster based station (cluster-heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network.
Abstract: Wireless distributed microsensor systems will enable the reliable monitoring of a variety of environments for both civil and military applications. In this paper, we look at communication protocols, which can have significant impact on the overall energy dissipation of these networks. Based on our findings that the conventional protocols of direct transmission, minimum-transmission-energy, multi-hop routing, and static clustering may not be optimal for sensor networks, we propose LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), a clustering-based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of local cluster based station (cluster-heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network. LEACH uses localized coordination to enable scalability and robustness for dynamic networks, and incorporates data fusion into the routing protocol to reduce the amount of information that must be transmitted to the base station. Simulations show the LEACH can achieve as much as a factor of 8 reduction in energy dissipation compared with conventional outing protocols. In addition, LEACH is able to distribute energy dissipation evenly throughout the sensors, doubling the useful system lifetime for the networks we simulated.
12,497 citations
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), a clustering-based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of local cluster based station (cluster-heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network, is proposed.
Abstract: Wireless distributed microsensor systems will enable the reliable monitoring of a variety of environments for both civil and military applications. In this paper, we look at communication protocols, which can have signicant impact on the overall energy dissipation of these networks. Based on our ndings that the conventional protocols of direct transmission, minimum-transmission-energy, multihop routing, and static clustering may not be optimal for sensor networks, we propose LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), a clustering-based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of local cluster base stations (cluster-heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network. LEACH uses localized coordination to enable scalability and robustness for dynamic networks, and incorporates data fusion into the routing protocol to reduce the amount of information that must be transmitted to the base station. Simulations show that LEACH can achieve as much as a factor of 8 reduction in energy dissipation compared with conventional routing protocols. In addition, LEACH is able to distribute energy dissipation evenly throughout the sensors, doubling the useful system lifetime for the networks we simulated.
11,412 citations
"Wireless sensor networks: a survey" refers methods in this paper
...Low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH): LEACH is a clustering-based protocol that minimizes energy dissipation in sensor networks [34]....
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...LEACH [34] Forms clusters to minimize energy dissipation...
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...Data aggregation can be perceived as a set of automated methods of combining the data that comes from many sensor nodes into a set of meaningful information [34]....
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01 Aug 2000
TL;DR: This paper explores and evaluates the use of directed diffusion for a simple remote-surveillance sensor network and its implications for sensing, communication and computation.
Abstract: Advances in processor, memory and radio technology will enable small and cheap nodes capable of sensing, communication and computation. Networks of such nodes can coordinate to perform distributed sensing of environmental phenomena. In this paper, we explore the directed diffusion paradigm for such coordination. Directed diffusion is datacentric in that all communication is for named data. All nodes in a directed diffusion-based network are application-aware. This enables diffusion to achieve energy savings by selecting empirically good paths and by caching and processing data in-network. We explore and evaluate the use of directed diffusion for a simple remote-surveillance sensor network.
6,061 citations
"Wireless sensor networks: a survey" refers background in this paper
...Open research issues for the realization of sensor networks are also discussed....
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...The required size may be smaller than even a cubic centimeter [69] which is light enough to remain suspended in the air....
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01 Aug 2000
TL;DR: The randomized algorithm used by beacons to transmit information, the use of concurrent radio and ultrasonic signals to infer distance, the listener inference algorithms to overcome multipath and interference, and practical beacon configuration and positioning techniques that improve accuracy are described.
Abstract: This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of Cricket, a location-support system for in-building, mobile, location-dependent applications. It allows applications running on mobile and static nodes to learn their physical location by using listeners that hear and analyze information from beacons spread throughout the building. Cricket is the result of several design goals, including user privacy, decentralized administration, network heterogeneity, and low cost. Rather than explicitly tracking user location, Cricket helps devices learn where they are and lets them decide whom to advertise this information to; it does not rely on any centralized management or control and there is no explicit coordination between beacons; it provides information to devices regardless of their type of network connectivity; and each Cricket device is made from off-the-shelf components and costs less than U.S. $10. We describe the randomized algorithm used by beacons to transmit information, the use of concurrent radio and ultrasonic signals to infer distance, the listener inference algorithms to overcome multipath and interference, and practical beacon configuration and positioning techniques that improve accuracy. Our experience with Cricket shows that several location-dependent applications such as in-building active maps and device control can be developed with little effort or manual configuration.
4,123 citations