Wireless sensor networks: a survey
TL;DR: The concept of sensor networks which has been made viable by the convergence of micro-electro-mechanical systems technology, wireless communications and digital electronics is described.
About: This article is published in Computer Networks.The article was published on 2002-03-15. It has received 17936 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Key distribution in wireless sensor networks & Wireless sensor network.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: To identify denial-of-service vulnerabilities, the authors analyzed two effective sensor network protocols that did not initially consider security and demonstrate that consideration of security at design time is the best way to ensure successful network deployment.
Abstract: Sensor networks hold the promise of facilitating large-scale, real-time data processing in complex environments, helping to protect and monitor military, environmental, safety-critical, or domestic infrastructures and resources, Denial-of-service attacks against such networks, however, may permit real world damage to public health and safety Without proper security mechanisms, networks will be confined to limited, controlled environments, negating much of the promise they hold The limited ability of individual sensor nodes to thwart failure or attack makes ensuring network availability more difficult To identify denial-of-service vulnerabilities, the authors analyzed two effective sensor network protocols that did not initially consider security These examples demonstrate that consideration of security at design time is the best way to ensure successful network deployment
1,786 citations
TL;DR: The fast progress of research on energy efficiency, networking, data management and security in wireless sensor networks, and the need to compare with the solutions adopted in the standards motivates the need for a survey on this field.
1,708 citations
Cites background from "Wireless sensor networks: a survey"
...Several surveys [133,59,61,2], and [3] discussed various aspects on wireless sensor networks....
[...]
01 Oct 2004
TL;DR: S sensor-actor and actor-actor coordination is explored and research challenges for coordination and communication problems are described.
Abstract: Wireless sensor and actor networks (WSANs) refer to a group of sensors and actors linked by wireless medium to perform distributed sensing and acting tasks. The realization of wireless sensor and actor networks (WSANs) needs to satisfy the requirements introduced by the coexistence of sensors and actors. In WSANs, sensors gather information about the physical world, while actors take decisions and then perform appropriate actions upon the environment, which allows a user to effectively sense and act from a distance. In order to provide effective sensing and acting, coordination mechanisms are required among sensors and actors. Moreover, to perform right and timely actions, sensor data must be valid at the time of acting. This paper explores sensor-actor and actor-actor coordination and describes research challenges for coordination and communication problems.
1,624 citations
Cites background from "Wireless sensor networks: a survey"
...For example, both in [6] and [13] control engi- neering problems and existing technologies about sensor and actor networks are presented, respectively....
[...]
...These networks can be an integral part of systems such as battlefield surveillance and microclimate control in buildings, nuclear, biological and chemical attack detection [2], home automation [19] and environmental monitoring....
[...]
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A decentralized density control algorithm, Optimal Geographical Density Control (OGDC), is devised for density control in large scale sensor networks and can maintain coverage as well as connectivity, regardless of the relationship between the radio range and the sensing range.
Abstract: In this paper, we address the issues of maintaining sensing coverage and connectivity by keeping a minimum number of sensor nodes in the active mode in wireless sensor networks. We investigate the relationship between coverage and connectivity by solving the following two sub-problems. First, we prove that if the radio range is at least twice the sensing range, complete coverage of a convex area implies connectivity among the working set of nodes. Second, we derive, under the ideal case in which node density is sufficiently high, a set of optimality conditions under which a subset of working sensor nodes can be chosen for complete coverage. Based on the optimality conditions, we then devise a decentralized density control algorithm, Optimal Geographical Density Control (OGDC), for density control in large scale sensor networks. The OGDC algorithm is fully localized and can maintain coverage as well as connectivity, regardless of the relationship between the radio range and the sensing range. Ns-2 simulations show that OGDC outperforms existing density control algorithms [25, 26, 29] with respect to the number of working nodes needed and network lifetime (with up to 50% improvement), and achieves almost the same coverage as the algorithm with the best result.
1,559 citations
Cites background from "Wireless sensor networks: a survey"
...Pervasive networks of such sensors and actuators open new vistas for many potential applications, such as battlefield surveillance, environment monitoring and biological detection [11], [15], [ 2 ], [20]....
[...]
01 Jul 2003
TL;DR: The important role that mobile ad hoc networks play in the evolution of future wireless technologies is explained and the latest research activities in these areas are reviewed, including a summary of MANETs characteristics, capabilities, applications, and design constraints.
Abstract: Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) represent complex distributed systems that comprise wireless mobile nodes that can freely and dynamically self-organize into arbitrary and temporary, ‘‘ad-hoc’’ network topologies, allowing people and devices to seamlessly internetwork in areas with no pre-existing communication infrastructure, e.g., disaster recovery environments. Ad hoc networking concept is not a new one, having been around in various forms for over 20 years. Traditionally, tactical networks have been the only communication networking application that followed the ad hoc paradigm. Recently, the introduction of new technologies such as the Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 and Hyperlan are helping enable eventual commercial MANET deployments outside the military domain. These recent evolutions have been generating a renewed and growing interest in the research and development of MANET. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of this dynamic field. It first explains the important role that mobile ad hoc networks play in the evolution of future wireless technologies. Then, it reviews the latest research activities in these areas, including a summary of MANETs characteristics, capabilities, applications, and design constraints. The paper concludes by presenting a set of challenges and problems requiring further research in the future. � 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1,430 citations
Additional excerpts
...Keywords: MAC; Routing; Energy saving; Security; Performance evaluation...
[...]
References
More filters
Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
"Wireless sensor networks: a survey" refers background in this paper
...The exponent n is closer to four for low-lying antennae and nearground channels [72,82], as is typical in sensor network communication....
[...]
04 Jan 2000
TL;DR: The Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) as mentioned in this paper is a clustering-based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of local cluster based station (cluster-heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network.
Abstract: Wireless distributed microsensor systems will enable the reliable monitoring of a variety of environments for both civil and military applications. In this paper, we look at communication protocols, which can have significant impact on the overall energy dissipation of these networks. Based on our findings that the conventional protocols of direct transmission, minimum-transmission-energy, multi-hop routing, and static clustering may not be optimal for sensor networks, we propose LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), a clustering-based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of local cluster based station (cluster-heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network. LEACH uses localized coordination to enable scalability and robustness for dynamic networks, and incorporates data fusion into the routing protocol to reduce the amount of information that must be transmitted to the base station. Simulations show the LEACH can achieve as much as a factor of 8 reduction in energy dissipation compared with conventional outing protocols. In addition, LEACH is able to distribute energy dissipation evenly throughout the sensors, doubling the useful system lifetime for the networks we simulated.
12,497 citations
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), a clustering-based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of local cluster based station (cluster-heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network, is proposed.
Abstract: Wireless distributed microsensor systems will enable the reliable monitoring of a variety of environments for both civil and military applications. In this paper, we look at communication protocols, which can have signicant impact on the overall energy dissipation of these networks. Based on our ndings that the conventional protocols of direct transmission, minimum-transmission-energy, multihop routing, and static clustering may not be optimal for sensor networks, we propose LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), a clustering-based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of local cluster base stations (cluster-heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network. LEACH uses localized coordination to enable scalability and robustness for dynamic networks, and incorporates data fusion into the routing protocol to reduce the amount of information that must be transmitted to the base station. Simulations show that LEACH can achieve as much as a factor of 8 reduction in energy dissipation compared with conventional routing protocols. In addition, LEACH is able to distribute energy dissipation evenly throughout the sensors, doubling the useful system lifetime for the networks we simulated.
11,412 citations
"Wireless sensor networks: a survey" refers methods in this paper
...Low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH): LEACH is a clustering-based protocol that minimizes energy dissipation in sensor networks [34]....
[...]
...LEACH [34] Forms clusters to minimize energy dissipation...
[...]
...Data aggregation can be perceived as a set of automated methods of combining the data that comes from many sensor nodes into a set of meaningful information [34]....
[...]
01 Aug 2000
TL;DR: This paper explores and evaluates the use of directed diffusion for a simple remote-surveillance sensor network and its implications for sensing, communication and computation.
Abstract: Advances in processor, memory and radio technology will enable small and cheap nodes capable of sensing, communication and computation. Networks of such nodes can coordinate to perform distributed sensing of environmental phenomena. In this paper, we explore the directed diffusion paradigm for such coordination. Directed diffusion is datacentric in that all communication is for named data. All nodes in a directed diffusion-based network are application-aware. This enables diffusion to achieve energy savings by selecting empirically good paths and by caching and processing data in-network. We explore and evaluate the use of directed diffusion for a simple remote-surveillance sensor network.
6,061 citations
"Wireless sensor networks: a survey" refers background in this paper
...Open research issues for the realization of sensor networks are also discussed....
[...]
...The required size may be smaller than even a cubic centimeter [69] which is light enough to remain suspended in the air....
[...]
01 Aug 2000
TL;DR: The randomized algorithm used by beacons to transmit information, the use of concurrent radio and ultrasonic signals to infer distance, the listener inference algorithms to overcome multipath and interference, and practical beacon configuration and positioning techniques that improve accuracy are described.
Abstract: This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of Cricket, a location-support system for in-building, mobile, location-dependent applications. It allows applications running on mobile and static nodes to learn their physical location by using listeners that hear and analyze information from beacons spread throughout the building. Cricket is the result of several design goals, including user privacy, decentralized administration, network heterogeneity, and low cost. Rather than explicitly tracking user location, Cricket helps devices learn where they are and lets them decide whom to advertise this information to; it does not rely on any centralized management or control and there is no explicit coordination between beacons; it provides information to devices regardless of their type of network connectivity; and each Cricket device is made from off-the-shelf components and costs less than U.S. $10. We describe the randomized algorithm used by beacons to transmit information, the use of concurrent radio and ultrasonic signals to infer distance, the listener inference algorithms to overcome multipath and interference, and practical beacon configuration and positioning techniques that improve accuracy. Our experience with Cricket shows that several location-dependent applications such as in-building active maps and device control can be developed with little effort or manual configuration.
4,123 citations