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Journal ArticleDOI

Wireless sensor networks: a survey

15 Mar 2002-Computer Networks (Elsevier North-Holland, Inc.)-Vol. 38, Iss: 4, pp 393-422
TL;DR: The concept of sensor networks which has been made viable by the convergence of micro-electro-mechanical systems technology, wireless communications and digital electronics is described.
About: This article is published in Computer Networks.The article was published on 2002-03-15. It has received 17936 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Key distribution in wireless sensor networks & Wireless sensor network.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This survey is directed to those who want to approach this complex discipline and contribute to its development, and finds that still major issues shall be faced by the research community.

12,539 citations


Cites background from "Wireless sensor networks: a survey"

  • ...A large scientific literature has been produced on sensor networks in the recent past, addressing several problems at all layers of the protocol stack [22]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a cloud centric vision for worldwide implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) and present a Cloud implementation using Aneka, which is based on interaction of private and public Clouds, and conclude their IoT vision by expanding on the need for convergence of WSN, the Internet and distributed computing directed at technological research community.

9,593 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presents a detailed study on recent advances and open research issues in WMNs, followed by discussing the critical factors influencing protocol design and exploring the state-of-the-art protocols for WMNs.

4,205 citations


Cites background from "Wireless sensor networks: a survey"

  • ...This type of WMNs includes mesh routers forming an infrastructure for clients that connect to them....

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  • ...Thus, protocols proposed for mobile ad hoc networks [34] and wireless sensor networks [8,9] are too cumbersome to achieve satisfactory performance in this application....

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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 2007
TL;DR: Comprehensive performance comparisons including accuracy, precision, complexity, scalability, robustness, and cost are presented.
Abstract: Wireless indoor positioning systems have become very popular in recent years. These systems have been successfully used in many applications such as asset tracking and inventory management. This paper provides an overview of the existing wireless indoor positioning solutions and attempts to classify different techniques and systems. Three typical location estimation schemes of triangulation, scene analysis, and proximity are analyzed. We also discuss location fingerprinting in detail since it is used in most current system or solutions. We then examine a set of properties by which location systems are evaluated, and apply this evaluation method to survey a number of existing systems. Comprehensive performance comparisons including accuracy, precision, complexity, scalability, robustness, and cost are presented.

4,123 citations


Cites background from "Wireless sensor networks: a survey"

  • ...Dramatic advances in RF and microelectromechanical (MEMS) IC design have made possible the use of large networks of wireless sensors for a variety of new monitoring and control applications [ 63 ], [64]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 2005
TL;DR: The three main categories explored in this paper are data-centric, hierarchical and location-based; each routing protocol is described and discussed under the appropriate category.
Abstract: Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential consideration. Most of the attention, however, has been given to the routing protocols since they might differ depending on the application and network architecture. This paper surveys recent routing protocols for sensor networks and presents a classification for the various approaches pursued. The three main categories explored in this paper are data-centric, hierarchical and location-based. Each routing protocol is described and discussed under the appropriate category. Moreover, protocols using contemporary methodologies such as network flow and quality of service modeling are also discussed. The paper concludes with open research issues. � 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

3,573 citations


Cites background from "Wireless sensor networks: a survey"

  • ...Recent advances in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and low power and highly integrated digital electronics have led to the development of micro sensors [1][2][3][4][5]....

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  • ...The growing interest in wireless sensor networks and the continual emergence of new architectural techniques inspired some previous efforts for surveying the characteristics, applications and communication protocols for such a technical area [1][13]....

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  • ...23 SAR: Sequential Assignment Routing (SAR) is the first protocol for sensor networks that includes the notion of QoS in its routing decisions [1][2]....

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  • ...The goal of [1] is to make a comprehensive survey of design issues and techniques for sensor networks describing the physical constraints on sensor nodes and the protocols proposed in all layers of network stack....

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References
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
16 Jul 2001
TL;DR: This work proposes an adaptive rate control mechanism aiming to support media access control in sensor networks and finds that such a scheme is most effective in achieving the authors' fairness goal while being energy efficient for both low and high duty cycle of network traffic.
Abstract: We study the problem of media access control in the novel regime of sensor networks, where unique application behavior and tight constraints in computation power, storage, energy resources, and radio technology have shaped this design space to be very different from that found in traditional mobile computing regime. Media access control in sensor networks must not only be energy efficient but should also allow fair bandwidth allocation to the infrastructure for all nodes in a multihop network. We propose an adaptive rate control mechanism aiming to support these two goals and find that such a scheme is most effective in achieving our fairness goal while being energy efficient for both low and high duty cycle of network traffic.

1,068 citations


"Wireless sensor networks: a survey" refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...Constant listening times and adaptive rate control schemes can also help achieve energy efficiency in random access schemes for sensor networks [93]....

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  • ...The low-power sensor device described in [93], uses a single channel RF transceiver operating at 916 MHz....

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  • ...CSMA based medium access: A CSMA based MAC scheme for sensor networks is presented in [93]....

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  • ...Thus far, both fixed allocation and random access versions of medium access have been proposed [83,93]....

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  • ...As reported and based on simulations in [93], the constant listen periods are energy efficient and the introduction of random delay provides robustness against repeated collisions....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
16 Jul 2001
TL;DR: This work proposes a physical layer driven approach to designing protocols and algorithms for wireless microsensor networks that have extremely long lifetimes and shows how to reduce energy consumption of non-ideal hardware through physical layer aware algorithms and protocols.
Abstract: The potential for collaborative, robust networks of microsensors has attracted a great deal of research attention. For the most part, this is due to the compelling applications that will be enabled once wireless microsensor networks are in place; location-sensing, environmental sensing, medical monitoring and similar applications are all gaining interest. However, wireless microsensor networks pose numerous design challenges. For applications requiring long-term, robust sensing, such as military reconnaissance, one important challenge is to design sensor networks that have long system lifetimes. This challenge is especially difficult due to the energy-constrained nature of the devices. In order to design networks that have extremely long lifetimes, we propose a physical layer driven approach to designing protocols and algorithms. We first present a hardware model for our wireless sensor node and then introduce the design of physical layer aware protocols, algorithms, and applications that minimize energy consumption of the system. Our approach prescribes methods that can be used at all levels of the hierarchy to take advantage of the underlying hardware. We also show how to reduce energy consumption of non-ideal hardware through physical layer aware algorithms and protocols.

1,059 citations


"Wireless sensor networks: a survey" refers background in this paper

  • ...In addition, these influencing factors can be used to compare different schemes....

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  • ...In general, the density can be as high as 20 sensor nodes/m3 [77]....

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  • ...Though the higher computational powers are being made available in smaller and smaller processors, processing and memory units of sensor nodes are still scarce resources....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Apr 2001
TL;DR: This work proposes a tiered system architecture in which data collected at numerous, inexpensive sensor nodes is filtered by local processing on its way through to larger, more capable and more expensive nodes.
Abstract: As new fabrication and integration technologies reduce the cost and size of micro-sensors and wireless interfaces, it becomes feasible to deploy densely distributed wireless networks of sensors and actuators These systems promise to revolutionize biological, earth, and environmental monitoring applications, providing data at granularities unrealizable by other means In addition to the challenges of miniaturization, new system architectures and new network algorithms must be developed to transform the vast quantity of raw sensor data into a manageable stream of high-level data To address this, we propose a tiered system architecture in which data collected at numerous, inexpensive sensor nodes is filtered by local processing on its way through to larger, more capable and more expensive nodesWe briefly describe Habitat monitoring as our motivating application and introduce initial system building blocks designed to support this application The remainder of the paper presents details of our experimental platform

970 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: The ASCENT algorithm is motivated and described and it is shown that the system achieves linear increase in energy savings as a function of the density and the convergence time required in case of node failures while still providing adequate connectivity.
Abstract: Advances in microsensor and radio technology enable small but smart sensors to be deployed for a wide range of environmental monitoring applications. The low-per node cost allows these wireless networks of sensors and actuators to be densely distributed. The nodes in these dense networks coordinate to perform the distributed sensing and actuation tasks. Moreover, as described in this paper, the nodes can also coordinate to exploit the redundancy provided by high density so as to extend overall system lifetime. The large number of nodes deployed in this systems preclude manual configuration, and the environmental dynamics precludes design-time preconfiguration. Therefore, nodes have to self-configure to establish a topology that provides communication under stringent energy constraints. ASCENT builds on the notion that, as density increases, only a subset of the nodes is necessary to establish a routing forwarding backbone. In ASCENT, each node assesses its connectivity and adapts its participation in the multihop network topology based on the measured operating region. This paper motivates and describes the ASCENT algorithm and presents analysis, simulation, and experimental measurements. We show that the system achieves linear increase in energy savings as a function of the density and the convergence time required in case of node failures while still providing adequate connectivity.

851 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
07 Dec 2000
TL;DR: A new multi-channel MAC protocol is proposed, which follows an "on-demand" style to assign channels to mobile hosts and flexibly adapts to host mobility and only exchanges few control messages to achieve channel assignment and medium access.
Abstract: The wireless mobile ad hoc network (MANET) architecture has received a lot of attention recently. This paper considers the access of multiple channels in a MANET with multi-hop communication behavior. We point out several interesting issues when using multiple channels. We then propose a new multi-channel MAC protocol, which is characterized by the following features: (i) it follows an "on-demand" style to assign channels to mobile hosts, (ii) the number of channels required is independent of the network topology and degree, (iii) it flexibly adapts to host mobility and only exchanges few control messages to achieve channel assignment and medium access, and (iv) no clock synchronization is required. Compared to existing protocols, some assign channels to hosts statically (thus a host will occupy a channel even when it has no intention to transmit) some require a number of channels which is a function of the maximum connectivity, and some necessitate a clock synchronization among all hosts in the MANET. Extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the proposed protocol.

776 citations


"Wireless sensor networks: a survey" refers background in this paper

  • ...Though many schemes for medium access have been proposed for MANETs [85, 94 ,95] the design of an efficient MAC scheme for the new regime of sensor networks is still an open research issue....

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