Working fluids for high-temperature organic Rankine cycles
TL;DR: In this article, a thermodynamic screening of 31 pure component working fluids for organic Rankine cycles (ORC) is given using BACKONE equation of state, the fluids are alkanes, fluorinated alkane, ethers and fluorinated ethers.
About: This article is published in Energy.The article was published on 2007-07-01. It has received 1036 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Organic Rankine cycle & Rankine cycle.
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TL;DR: An overview of the different ORC applications is presented in this paper, and an in-depth analysis of the technical challenges related to the technology, such as working fluid selection and expansion machine issues, is reported.
Abstract: New heat conversion technologies need to be developed and improved to take advantage of the necessary increase in the supply of renewable energy. The Organic Rankine Cycle is well suited for these applications, mainly because of its ability to recover low-grade heat and the possibility to be implemented in decentralized lower-capacity power plants. In this paper, an overview of the different ORC applications is presented. A market review is proposed including cost figures for several commercial ORC modules and manufacturers. An in-depth analysis of the technical challenges related to the technology, such as working fluid selection and expansion machine issues is then reported. Technological constraints and optimization methods are extensively described and discussed. Finally, the current trends in research and development for the next generation of Organic Rankine Cycles are presented.
1,219 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the organic Rankine cycle and supercritical Rankine Cycle for the conversion of low-grade heat into electrical power, as well as selection criteria of potential working fluids, screening of 35 working fluids for the two cycles and analyses of the influence of fluid properties on cycle performance are presented.
Abstract: This paper presents a review of the organic Rankine cycle and supercritical Rankine cycle for the conversion of low-grade heat into electrical power, as well as selection criteria of potential working fluids, screening of 35 working fluids for the two cycles and analyses of the influence of fluid properties on cycle performance. The thermodynamic and physical properties, stability, environmental impacts, safety and compatibility, and availability and cost are among the important considerations when selecting a working fluid. The paper discusses the types of working fluids, influence of latent heat, density and specific heat, and the effectiveness of superheating. A discussion of the 35 screened working fluids is also presented.
1,215 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison of pure and mixture working fluids' applications and a discussion of all types of expansion machines' operating characteristics for an effective organic Rankine cycle system is presented.
Abstract: How to effectively utilize low and medium temperature energy is one of the solutions to alleviate the energy shortage and environmental pollution problems. In the past twenty years, because of its feasibility and reliability, organic Rankine cycle has received widespread attentions and researches. In this paper, it reviews the selections of working fluids and expanders for organic Rankine cycle, including an analysis of the influence of working fluids' category and their thermodynamic and physical properties on the organic Rankine cycle's performance, a summary of pure and mixed working fluids' screening researches for organic Rankine cycle, a comparison of pure and mixture working fluids' applications and a discussion of all types of expansion machines' operating characteristics, which would be beneficial to select the optimal working fluid and suitable expansion machine for an effective organic Rankine cycle system.
1,101 citations
TL;DR: An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) machine is similar to a conventional steam cycle energy conversion system, but uses an organic fluid such as refrigerants and hydrocarbons instead of water as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) machine is similar to a conventional steam cycle energy conversion system, but uses an organic fluid such as refrigerants and hydrocarbons instead of water. In recent years, research was intensified on this device as it is being progressively adopted as premier technology to convert low-temperature heat resources into power. Available heat resources are: solar energy, geothermal energy, biomass products, surface seawater, and waste heat from various thermal processes. This paper presents existing applications and analyzes their maturity. Binary geothermal and binary biomass CHP are already mature. Provided the interest to recover waste heat rejected by thermal devices and industrial processes continue to grow, and favorable legislative conditions are adopted, waste heat recovery organic Rankine cycle systems in the near future will experience a rapid growth. Solar modular power plants are being intensely investigated at smaller scale for cogeneration applications in buildings but larger plants are also expected in tropical or Sahel regions with constant and low solar radiation intensity. OTEC power plants operating mainly on offshore installations at very low temperature have been advertised as total resource systems and interest on this technology is growing in large isolated islands.
1,058 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, theoretical performances as well as thermodynamic and environmental properties of few fluids have been comparatively assessed for use in low-temperature solar organic Rankine cycle systems.
730 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1973TL;DR: CRC handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC handbook as discussed by the authors, CRC Handbook for Chemistry and Physiology, CRC Handbook for Physics,
Abstract: CRC handbook of chemistry and physics , CRC handbook of chemistry and physics , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران
52,268 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this article, the authors estimate physical properties of pure components and Mixtures and show that the properties of these components and mixtures are similar to those of ideal gases and liquids.
Abstract: Chapter 1: The Estimation of Physical Properties. Chapter 2: Pure Component Constants. Chapter 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Ideal Gases. Chapter 4: Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships of Pure Gases and Liquids. Chapter 5: Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships of Mixtures. Chapter 6: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Components and Mixtures. Chapter 7: Vapor Pressures and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Pure Fluids. Chapter 8: Fluid Phase Equilibria in Multicomponent Systems. Chapter 9: Viscosity. Chapter 10: Thermal Conductivity. Chapter 11: Diffusion Coefficients. Chapter 12: Surface Tension.
14,380 citations
02 Apr 2007
3,356 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a modified SAFT equation of state is developed by applying the perturbation theory of Barker and Henderson to a hard-chain reference fluid, which is applicable to mixtures of small spherical molecules such as gases, nonspherical solvents, and chainlike polymers.
Abstract: A modified SAFT equation of state is developed by applying the perturbation theory of Barker and Henderson to a hard-chain reference fluid. With conventional one-fluid mixing rules, the equation of state is applicable to mixtures of small spherical molecules such as gases, nonspherical solvents, and chainlike polymers. The three pure-component parameters required for nonassociating molecules were identified for 78 substances by correlating vapor pressures and liquid volumes. The equation of state gives good fits to these properties and agrees well with caloric properties. When applied to vapor−liquid equilibria of mixtures, the equation of state shows substantial predictive capabilities and good precision for correlating mixtures. Comparisons to the SAFT version of Huang and Radosz reveal a clear improvement of the proposed model. A brief comparison with the Peng−Robinson model is also given for vapor−liquid equilibria of binary systems, confirming the good performance of the suggested equation of state. ...
2,739 citations
"Working fluids for high-temperature..." refers background or methods in this paper
...For the thermodynamic description of the working fluids listed in Table 1 we use the molecular based equations of state BACKONE [24] and PC-SAFT [25]....
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...Thehard-body term FH is taken fromthehard associated chain theory ofWertheim [38], the terms FA1 and FA2 arise from the second order perturbation theory of Barker and Henderson [39] and have been obtained froma simultaneousfit to experimental data of the nalkanes from C1 to C20 [25]....
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...In this situation a promising alternative is to usemolecular based equations of state like BACKONE [24] or PC-SAFT [25]which need only 3e5 substance-specific parameters....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a new formulation of statistical thermodynamics is derived for classical fluids of molecules that tend to associate into dimers and possibly highers-mers due to highly directional attraction, and a breakup of the pair potential into repulsive and highly directionally attractive parts is introduced into the expansion of the logarithm of the grand partition function in fugacity graphs.
Abstract: A new formulation of statistical thermodynamics is derived for classical fluids of molecules that tend to associate into dimers and possibly highers-mers due to highly directional attraction. A breakup of the pair potential into repulsive and highly directionally attractive parts is introduced into the expansion of the logarithm of the grand partition function in fugacity graphs. The bonding by the directional attraction is used to classify the graphs and to introduce a topological reduction which results in the replacement of the fugacity by two variables: singlet densityρ and monomer densityρ
0. Results for the thermodynamic functions as functionals ofρ andρ
0 are given in the form of graph sums. Pair correlations are analyzed in terms of a new matrix analog of the direct correlation function. It is shown that the low-density limit is treated exactly, while major difficulties arise when the Mayer expansion, which employs onlyp, is used. The intricate resummations required for the Mayer expansion are illustrated for the case where dimers are the only association products.
1,699 citations