Q2. Does he see the solution in a modification to model 1?
He does recognise that rules can never be complete and compliance should never be blind, but sees the solution in a modification to model 1, not its scrapping.
Q3. What did Mascini and Bacharias see as the building blocks for control?
March & Simon (1958) saw them as essential building blocks for control, to be adapted to diverse situations by judging their appropriateness.
Q4. What are the types of rules that are used to define the boundaries?
These zones also define types and functions of rules; for defining the control measures to be taken to navigate within the boundaries, to avoid going over the boundary (itself defined by rules) and to recover under emergency conditions from a position outside the boundaries.
Q5. What are the four topics found to be relevant?
The four topics found to be relevant can be summarised as follows:1. Individual characteristics suggest a relatively stable personality trait linked to over-confidence, an effect of risk perception, one of poor planning, and the effect of a risk-taking culture.
Q6. What is the dominant view of safety in Dutch organisations?
It is also a dominant view of rules, at least in high risk organisations, as shown in a study by Bax et al (1998) who found that 72% of a representative sample of Dutch workers in such organisations worked in organisations with (many) formal rules, half of the organisations having regular or frequent formal controls of those rules.
Q7. How many miners would report a violation to higher management?
For a second offence in a short time 83% of supervisors said they would report the offender to higher management for sanctions; 70% of miners agreed, but only 53% of miners believed the supervisor would actually do so.
Q8. What is the model which is triggered by the media response to major accidents?
This is the model which is triggered by the media response to major accidents, in which violations of rules are identified which contributed to the accident and more stringent or more extensive rules are called for to prevent recurrence.
Q9. What is the model which powers much of behavioural based safety?
It is also the model which powers much of behavioural based safety (e.g. Krause et al 1999, Keil Centre 2002) as a set of tools to achieve workforce compliance.
Q10. What were the main factors weighing against the safety of the nurses?
These included their need to demonstrate their care and concern for their patients, causing them not to want to wear PPE against infections for fear of the patients sensing revulsion, and a neglect of their own safety when it clashed with that of their patients or the speed they needed to show in responding to patient emergencies.
Q11. What is the common classification system for violations?
An often used classification system for violations is that based on Reason’s (1990) work, further developed by the work of Free (1994) – see also HFRG (1995).
Q12. What are the requirements of a process to prepare a risk assessment?
Rules under this heading include requirements of a process to prepare a risk assessment, either generically or at the last minute before starting work, requirements to set up a safety management system, and requirements to consult with defined people when an emergency situation arises in order to decide how to handle it.
Q13. What does Dekker (2005) say about the negative image linking violations and major accidents?
Dekker (2005) points out that the negative image linking violations and major accidents is based on fallacious reasoning, which takes no account of the thousands of occasions when violations led to positive outcomes (and were relabelled innovations or expertise) rather than to accidents.