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政治自由主义 = Political liberalism
01 Jan 2000-
About: The article was published on 2000-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 1762 citations till now.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore an important concept in the work of the later Rawls, the idea of the reasonable, and conclude that this concept helps to bridge the gap between liberal theory and democratic practice.
Abstract: This paper aims to explore an important concept in the work of the later Rawls: the idea of the reasonable. While the concept has its roots in both Aristotle and Kant, Rawls develops a unique account of the reasonable in the light of his theory of political liberalism. The paper includes Rawlsian responses to the practical challenges of radical democrats on the one hand, and epistemological challenges to the reasonable on the other. It concludes that Rawls’s account of the reasonable helps to bridge the gap between liberal theory and democratic practice.
1,108 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors integrate the concern for human development in the present with that in the future, and explore the relationship between distributional equity, sustainable development, optimal growth, and pure time preference.
726 citations
Cites background from "政治自由主义 = Political liberalism"
...London: Joseph Johnson....
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...The idea that ``income'' is what can be spent while leaving the asset base intact is precisely the concept of sustainable income established by John Hicks (1946, p. 172) more than 50 years ago: The purpose of income calculations in practical a airs is to give people an indication of the amount which they can consume without impoverishing themselves....
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...The Eighteenth J. Seward Johnson Lecture....
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...Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press....
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...It is easily seen why Repetto (1985) saw an analogy between the idea of sustainable development and the economic accountant's notion of what spendable income is....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider the materiality of change in urban Africa, focusing particularly on the kitchens of a group of first-generation pro-lifers in the Ivory Coast.
Abstract: Meaning is inscribed in the material/built environment and this article considers the materiality of change in urban Africa, focusing particularly on the kitchens of a group of first-generation pro...
635 citations
Cites background from "政治自由主义 = Political liberalism"
...(Superstitious and irrational beliefs do not belong to this field of reasonable disagreement, cf. John Rawls 1993, pp. 54ff.) At the same time there is also a need for institutional interaction, for instance between the judiciary and the political system, as well as between politics as power and…...
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TL;DR: The notion of deliberative democracy was coined by Bessette, who explicitly coined it to oppose the elitist or "aristocratic" interpretation of the American Constitution.
Abstract: roposed as a reformist and sometimes even as a radical political ideal,deliberative democracy begins with the critique of the standard practices ofliberal democracy. Although the idea can be traced to Dewey and Arendt andthen further back to Rousseau and even Aristotle, in its recent incarnation theterm stems from Joseph Bessette, who explicitly coined it to oppose the elitist or‘‘aristocratic’’ interpretation of the American Constitution.
595 citations
TL;DR: This article propose an anaysis of gender that is broad enough to house the full range of feminist concerns, those central to the old socialist-feminism as well as identity-based conceptions.
Abstract: In the course of the last 30 years, feminist theories of gender have shifted from quasi-Marxist, labor-centered conceptions to putatively ‘post-Marxist’ culture-and identity-based conceptions. Reflecting a broader political move from redistribution to recognition, this shift has been double edged. On the one hand, it has broadened feminist politics to encompass legitimate issues of representation, identity and difference. Yet, in the context of an ascendant neoliberalism, feminist struggles for recognition may be serving less to enrich struggles for redistribution than to displace the latter. Thus, instead of arriving at a broader, richer paradigm that could encompass both redistribution and recognition, feminists appear to have traded one truncated paradigm for another – a truncated economism for a truncated culturalism. This article aims to resist that trend. I propose an anaysis of gender that is broad enough to house the full range of feminist concerns, those central to the old socialist-feminism as w...
570 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, an experimental study of how individuals use allocation principles in making judgments concerning income distribution under conditions of strict impartiality was conducted, and they found that distributive justice judgments are complex but structured, with individuals tending to use several principles simultaneously and weighing them according to predictable factors.
Abstract: Distributive justice has been the focus of political theory with the postwar rise of the social welfare state, and Rawls' A Theory of Justice (1971) is arguably the most important work of political philosophy during that period. Parallel to this theoretical literature is a body of empirical research into distributive justice. We offer a synthesis of the theoretical and empirical approaches with an experimental study of how individuals use allocation principles in making judgments concerning income distribution under conditions of strict impartiality. Our experiment is designed in part to examine the extent to which they prioritize them consistent with Rawls' theory. We find that distributive justice judgments are complex but structured, with individuals tending to use several principles simultaneously and weighing them according to predictable factors, with sex and race being particularly important. We also find that individuals use several strategies in using competing allocation principles and that a considerable minority prioritize them consistent with a Rawlsian maximin strategy.
114 citations
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: The second in a series of IPPR/Citizens Online papers exploring the social and democratic role of new media is Realising Democracy Online: A Civic Commons in Cyberspace is a proposal to create an enduring structure which could fulfil the democratic potential of the new interactive media.
Abstract: Citizens Online is a not-for-profit, independent organisation, established to explore the social and cultural impact of the Internet, to implement positive action to bridge the so-called Digital Divide, and to promote the benefits of Universal Internet Access. Citizens Online is pledged to working in partnership with Government, Industry, Voluntary and Community organisations, to bring together the resources and expertise across all sectors to ensure that those who do not have access to the Internet, for whatever reason, have the opportunities to do so if they so wish. Ambitious targets have been set by Government to achieve Universal Internet Access by 2005. Citizens Online has a role in addressing the needs of those in our society who are most at risk of falling through the Digital Divide. Citizens Online believes that the companies who make the technology to access the Internet have a social responsibility to consider the impact of their activities on those in society who do not have access. We will work with research organisations to establish a clear picture of where to invest their efforts in the UK and extend programmes aimed at providing and improving access and use of the Internet in society. IPPR (Institute for Public Policy Research) is Britain's leading centre-left think tank whose purpose is to contribute to a greater public understanding of social, economic and political questions through research, discussion and publication. Since it was founded in 1988, IPPR has been at the forefront of leading policy debate. Through well researched and clearly argued policy analysis, strong networks in government, academia, and the corporate and voluntary sector, and a high media profile, IPPR is playing a vital role maintaining the momentum of progressive thought. IPPR has a large number of in-house policy specialists. Researchers cover a wide range of policy areas and are grouped into the following nine teams: As an independent charity, IPPR is completely funded by donations from individuals, private, public and voluntary sector organisations and charitable trusts. Overview This is the second in a series of IPPR/Citizens Online papers exploring the social and democratic role of new media. Realising Democracy Online: A Civic Commons in Cyberspace is a proposal to create an enduring structure which could fulfil the democratic potential of the new interactive media. Foreword In an age when every conceivable activity is prefixed with an E or suffixed Online, what is the role for the new technologies in …
113 citations
TL;DR: A more realistic recognition of multiple moral traditions in pluralist societies would be considerably more skeptical about the contributions that common morality approaches in bioethics can make to resolving contentious moral issues.
Abstract: Many bioethicists assume that morality is in a state of wide reflective equilibrium. According to this model of moral deliberation, public policymaking can build upon a core common morality that is pretheoretical and provides a basis for practical reasoning. Proponents of the common morality approach to moral deliberation make three assumptions that deserve to be viewed with skepticism. First, they commonly assume that there is a universal, transhistorical common morality that can serve as a normative baseline for judging various actions and practices. Second, advocates of the common morality approach assume that the common morality is in a state of relatively stable, ordered, wide reflective equilibrium. Third, casuists, principlists, and other proponents of common morality approaches assume that the common morality can serve as a basis for the specification of particular policies and practical recommendations. These three claims fail to recognize the plural moral traditions that are found in multicultural, multiethnic, multifaith societies such as the United States and Canada. A more realistic recognition of multiple moral traditions in pluralist societies would be considerable more skeptical about the contributions that common morality approaches in bioethics can make to resolving contentious moral issues.
113 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the consequences of the fact/value dichotomy for classical economic theory and explain the nature and significance of the entanglement of facts, analysis, and values, and the impact of this entonglement on the concept of rationality, on capability theory, on the relationship between human needs and Sraffa basics, and on Sen's analysis of the disabled and most wretched.
Abstract: Modern classical economic theory, originally austere and minimalist (as in Sraffa and Neumann), has entered a second, more enriched phase. Inspired by Adam Smith, Amartya Sen has drawn out the moral implications of formal classical models. But Sen remains open to neoclassical attack on the grounds that science must be value free. In his book The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy and Other Essays , Hilary Putnam rebuts the view that "fact is fact and value is value and never the twain shall meet". This paper explores consequences of this argument for classical theory. It explains the nature and significance of the entanglement of facts, analysis and values; and the impact of this entanglement on the concept of rationality, on capability theory, on the relationship between human needs and Sraffa basics, on Pasinetti's transformational growth, and on Sen's analysis of the disabled and most wretched. Supporting Sen's approach to human development, it opens the possibility of an enriched classical analysis,...
113 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the radical democratic principles manifest in Indymedia's discursive, technical, and institutional practices, focusing on a case study of the Seattle Independent Media Center and contextualizing it within theories and critiques of radical democracy.
Abstract: This study examines the radical democratic principles manifest in Indymedia's discursive, technical, and institutional practices. By focusing on a case study of the Seattle Independent Media Center and contextualizing it within theories and critiques of radical democracy, this article fleshes out strengths, weaknesses, and recurring tensions endemic to Indymedia's internet-based activism. These findings have important implications for alternative media making and radical politics in general.
108 citations