Zinc Nutrition of Cattle: A Review
TL;DR: In studies involving special and purified diets, approximately 9 ppm of zinc were adequate for normal health and performance of calves, however, in a few instances, 20 to 40 ppM zinc in practical diets were not sufficient for optimum performance, but in others, such levels were adequate.
About: This article is published in Journal of Dairy Science.The article was published on 1970-08-01 and is currently open access. It has received 134 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Zinc deficiency.
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TL;DR: Dietary factors that affect bioavailability of zinc in ruminants are not well defined, and limited research suggests that high dietary calcium and phosphorus may reduce manganese absorption.
Abstract: Absorption of selenium and copper is much lower in ruminants than in nonruminants. The low absorption of these minerals in ruminants is due to modifications that occur in the rumen environment. Selenium bioavailability is reduced by high dietary sulfur and the presence of cyanogenetic glycosides in certain legumes. Feeding organic selenium from selenomethionine or selenized yeast results in much higher tissue and milk selenium concentrations than are obtained with selenite. High dietary molybdenum in combination with moderate to high dietary sulfur results in formation of thiomolybdates in the rumen. Thiomolybdates greatly reduce copper absorption, and certain thiomolybdate species can be absorbed and interfere systemically with copper metabolism. Independent of molybdenum, high dietary sulfur reduces copper absorption perhaps via formation of copper sulfide. High dietary iron also reduces copper bioavailability. Dietary factors that affect bioavailability of zinc in ruminants are not well defined. Phytate does not affect zinc absorption in ruminants because microbial phytase in the rumen degrades phytate. Manganese is very poorly absorbed in ruminants, and limited research suggests that high dietary calcium and phosphorus may reduce manganese absorption.
353 citations
TL;DR: No differences in Zn availability were detected between the two Zn sources, and growth rate and animal performance, plasma Zn and plasma alkaline phosphatase activity, and the influence of supplementing Zn as ZnO or ZnMet of growth performance and Zn status were determined.
Abstract: Studies were conducted to evaluate zinc methionine (ZnMet) as a source of Zn for ruminants. Experiment 1 compared the availability of Zn in ZnMet and zinc oxide (ZnO) in lambs fed a semi-purified diet deficient in Zn. Based on growth rate and animal performance, plasma Zn and plasma alkaline phosphatase activity, no differences in Zn availability were detected between the two Zn sources. Apparent absorption of Zn also was similar, but Zn retention was higher (P less than .01) in lambs fed ZnMet because of a tendency for lower urinary Zn excretion (P less than .19) in this group. Zinc absorption and retention by lambs were similar for the two Zn sources in Exp. 2 when 20 mg Zn/kg was added to an orchardgrass hay-based diet containing 30 mg Zn/kg. In Exp. 3, lambs were dosed orally with 300 mg of Zn as ZnO or ZnMet, and the increase in plasma Zn following dosing was monitored. The increase in plasma Zn above predosing values was similar at 6 h but was higher at 12 (P less than .10) and 24 h (P less than .05) postdosing in lambs given ZnMet. Thirty-six Hereford x Simmental heifers (271 kg) were used in Exp. 4 to determine the influence of supplementing Zn (25 mg/kg) as ZnO or ZnMet of growth performance and Zn status. Heifers were fed a corn silage-based diet that contained 23.1 mg Zn/kg during the 126-d study. Zinc supplementation to the basal diet increased (P less than .05) gain and feed/gain during the first 56 d, but not for the entire 126-d study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
213 citations
TL;DR: Minerals, trace elements and vitamins play a vital role in the prevention of these disorders at this time and may play an important role in ensuring sufficient selenium is available to the cow for reduction of disease.
127 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that seaweeds have great potential as mineral sources for animal feeding, but a great variability between species was observed regarding their mineral profile, and the maximum level of dietary inclusion will be strongly dependent on the mineral profile of the seaweeds.
Abstract: This study characterized the mineral composition of 15 common Portuguese seaweed (green, brown, and red) species. Total measured mineral content ranged from 10.9 g kg−1 dry matter (DM) in Gracilaria vermiculophylla to 71.0 g kg−1 DM in Codium adhaerens, calcium being the mineral generally found in higher amounts. Overall, the results suggest that seaweeds have great potential as mineral sources for animal feeding, but a great variability between species was observed regarding their mineral profile. Compared to common animal feed ingredients, the studied seaweeds can be considered as good sources of calcium, magnesium, iron, iodine, copper, manganese, and selenium but are poor sources of phosphorous and zinc. The maximum level of dietary inclusion will be strongly dependent on the mineral profile of the seaweeds. Depending on the seaweed, the upper level of inclusion in poultry and swine diets may reach more than 40 %. The high iodine content of studied seaweeds limits their use in diets for horses, and, to a lesser extent, for ruminants. This work constitutes a paramount contribution regarding the use of seaweeds as mineral sources in animal diets, allowing a more precise choice of the algae species and level of inclusion to be used, thus assuring animal health and strengthening the seaweed industry through this underexploited application field.
91 citations
Cites background from "Zinc Nutrition of Cattle: A Review"
...Zinc is another essential nutrient for animals, functioning largely or entirely in enzyme systems and being involved in protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and many other biochemical reactions (Miller 1970)....
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TL;DR: Because of the small safety margin which exists between the dose rate of zinc sulphate which will provide adequate protection and that which will cause toxicity the use of zinc for the control of facial eczema is not recommended.
Abstract: Summary Aqueous solutions of zinc sulphate were administered orally to sheep over 5 days (0.125, 0.5 and 2.0 g Zn++/sheep/day) to bracket a 3-day period during which sporidesmin also was dosed. The zinc sulphate treatment gave protection from the effects of sporidesmin when compared with control groups dosed sporidesmin alone. Body weight changes were improved and liverdamage scores, numbers of animals showing photosensitisation, serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic acid transaminase and total bilirubin were lower. The protective effects of zinc sulphate were obtained at levels well abovethose required for growth and maintenance. Protection increased but at a diminishing rate with increasing dose rate of zinc. Because of the small safety margin which exists between the dose rate of zinc sulphate which will provide adequate protection and that which will cause toxicity the use of zinc for the control of facial eczema is not recommended.
76 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: This book discusses the history of zinc, its application in agriculture, and its applications in the management of soil-Plant-Animal relations.
Abstract: Zinc, KM Hambidge Iodine, BS Hetzel and GF Maberly Selenium, OA Levander Lead, J Quarterman Cadium, K Kostial Arsenic, M Anke Silicon, EM Carlisle Lithium, W Mertz Aluminum, AC Alfrey Other Elements, FH Nielsen Soil-Plant-Animal Relationships, WH Allaway Each chapter includes references Index
4,557 citations
376 citations
357 citations
TL;DR: The fetuses from zinc-deficient females contained less zinc than did their controls, suggesting that the congenital anomalies resulted from a direct effect of lack of zinc in the fetal tissues.
Abstract: SummaryA mild but specific zinc deficiency was produced in female rats by the use of a purified diet lacking the element and by stringent elimination of sources of zinc contamination from the environment. Almost all of the full-term fetuses produced under such conditions showed gross congenital malformations encompassing a wide variety of organ systems, including skeletal, brain, eye, heart, lung, and urogenital defects. The fetuses from zinc-deficient females contained less zinc than did their controls, suggesting that the congenital anomalies resulted from a direct effect of lack of zinc in the fetal tissues.
352 citations