Zinc Requirement of the Baby Pig When Fed Wet-Autoclaved Spray-Dried Egg Albumen as the Protein Source
TL;DR: Zinc balance, concentrations of zinc in plasma and bone, esophageal histology and retention of 65Zn indicate that the minimum zinc requirement of the neonatal pig is between 26 and 31 ppm when fed a purified diet devoid of phytate.
Abstract: Pigs 16 d of age were allotted to eight dietary levels of total zinc (6-36 ppm in 5 ppm increments and 116 ppm) in a 28-d experiment designed to reevaluate the zinc requirement of the neonatal pig. The basal 21.0% crude protein diet contained wet-autoclaved spray-dried egg albumen (WAEA) as the protein source. Dietary zinc level did not affect (P greater than 0.05) pig growth for the first 14 d of the experiment. Pig growth was adequate from d 14 to 28 of the experiment with 11 ppm or more of zinc. The milligrams of zinc retained per day per pig increased (P less than 0.05) with increasing dietary zinc up to 26 ppm, plateaued from 26 to 36 ppm and declined (P less than 0.05) at 116 ppm. Plasma zinc levels were higher (P less than 0.05) for pigs fed 31 ppm or more of zinc compared with 16 ppm or less of zinc on d 21 and 28. Tibia and femur concentrations of zinc also increased with increasing dietary zinc up to 26 ppm. Esophageal tissue was normal in the majority of pigs fed 31 ppm or more of zinc. Retention of 65Zn further suggested that diets containing 26 ppm or less zinc were deficient in this element. Thus, zinc balance, concentrations of zinc in plasma and bone, esophageal histology and retention of 65Zn indicate that the minimum zinc requirement of the neonatal pig is between 26 and 31 ppm when fed a purified diet devoid of phytate.
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TL;DR: The beneficial effect of a temporary supply of 2500 and 4000 ppm zinc on post-weaning diarrhoea was found to be coincident with an increased alkaline phosphatase activity and zinc concentration in serum.
Abstract: Digestive disorders and impaired performance are common problems among weanling piglets. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect on health and performance of feeding different levels of zinc (as zinc oxide) for one, two or three weeks after weaning to piglets weaned at 28 days of age. A supplement of 2500 ppm zinc for two weeks after weaning reduced the incidence and severity of non-specific post-weaning diarrhoea by up to 50%. The daily gain, but not feed intake and feed efficiency, was significantly influenced by the dietary zinc level. Piglets fed 2500 ppm zinc showed the best performance. The beneficial effect of a temporary supply of 2500 and 4000 ppm zinc on post-weaning diarrhoea was found to be coincident with an increased alkaline phosphatase activity and zinc concentration in serum. The frequency of post-weaning diarrhoea was shown to be affected by the dietary content of calcium and copper.
169 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an 4 times 8 einzeln gehaltenen, mannlichen kastrierten Ferkeln wurde in einem 5wochigen Versuch im LM-Bereich von 9-25 kg the Wirkung der Zulage einer mikrobiellen Phytase zu einer Mais-Soja-Diat auf die scheinbare Absorption von Mg und den Spurenelementen Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn untersucht.
Abstract: Zusammenfassung
An 4 times 8 einzeln gehaltenen, mannlichen kastrierten Ferkeln wurde in einem 5wochigen Versuch im LM-Bereich von 9–25 kg die Wirkung der Zulage einer mikrobiellen Phytase zu einer Mais-Soja-Diat auf die scheinbare Absorption von Mg und den Spurenelementen Fe, Cu, Mn und Zn untersucht. Die Zn-Versorgung der Ferkel erfolgte mit 60 mg/kg Diat marginal, wahrend die anderen untersuchten Elemente mindestens bedarfsdeckend in der Diat vorlagen. In den Gruppen III und IV wurde mikrobielle Phytase in einer Konzentration von 500 bzw. 1000 U/kg Diat zugesetzt. Die Mg-Absorption wurde durch die Phytasezulage in der ersten Periode (12 kg LM) signifikant und in der zweiten Periode (18 kg LM) tendenziell verbessert. Die scheinbare Absorption von Fe und Cu wurde durch die Phytasezulage in der Tendenz erhoht. Die Mn- Absorption blieb unbeeinflust. Die Zn-Absorption der Gruppe IV (1000 U Phytase/kg) war in der ersten Periode signifikant verbessert. Der besonders in der ersten Versuchshalfte durch Phytasezulage verbesserte Zn-Status zeigte sich auch anhand der Zn-Statusparamter Plasma-Zn-Gehalt und freie Zn-Bindungskapazitat, wahrend die Aktivitat der Alkalischen Phosphatase unbeeinflust blieb. Wie in der Literatur fur die P- und Ca-Absorption berichtet, erbrachte die Erhohung der Phytasezulage von 500 auf 1000 U/kg Diat auch bei der Zn-Verfugbarkeit eine weitere Verbesserung.
63 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that the inorganic trace mineral supplementation of practical diets for young pigs should not be less than the National Research Council requirements for swine.
Abstract: Fifty crossbred barrows with an average initial age of 31 d and BW of 9.94 kg were used in a 28-d experiment to evaluate the effect of a low-phytic acid (LPA) barley mutant (M) M955, a near-isogenic progeny of the normal barley (NB) cultivar Harrington with about 90% less phytate than NB, to increase the utilization of Fe, Zn, and Cu compared with diets containing NB. The response criteria were growth performance, hematocrit volume, metacarpal bone characteristics, and the apparent absorption, retention, and excretion of Zn and Cu. The 2 barley cultivars (NB and M955) and the 5 trace mineral (TM) treatment concentrations of Fe and Zn (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the requirement as FeSO(4) and ZnSO(4)) and Cu (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160% of the requirement as CuSO(4)) made 10 treatments in a factorial arrangement. Available P was equalized at 0.33% in all diets by adding monosodium phosphate to the basal diet containing NB, and all diets contained 0.65% Ca. Diets were adequate in all other nutrients. Barley and soybean meal were the only sources of phytate in the practical diets that also contained spray-dried whey. The barrows were fed the diets to appetite in meal form twice daily in individual metabolism crates. There were no barley cultivar x TM treatment interactions, and there were no differences between the NB and M955 barley cultivars for any of the response criteria measured. However, for the TM treatments, there were linear increases (P < or = 0.05) in ADFI, ADG, hematocrit volume, metacarpal bone breaking strength and ash weight, and the apparent absorption, retention, and excretion (mg/d) of Zn and Cu. In conclusion, the LPA barley had no effect on the response criteria in this experiment, apparently because of the small increase in the availability of the endogenous trace minerals in the practical diets containing M955 compared with NB. However, increasing the supplementation of Fe and Zn from 0 to 100% (160% for Cu) of the requirement resulted in linear increases in growth performance, hematocrit volume, metacarpal bone strength and ash weight, and the apparent absorption, retention, and excretion of Zn and Cu. Therefore, these results indicate that the inorganic trace mineral supplementation of practical diets for young pigs should not be less than the National Research Council requirements for swine.
26 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the operating parameters of spray drying after a series of pre-processing were investigated and the properties and qualities of the freshwater mussel meat (FMM) powder were also analyzed.
22 citations
TL;DR: Results show that erythrocyte membrane 5′-nucleotidase activity is an index of zinc status in these species, and it is suggested that the decreased membrane calcium-ATPase activity in zinc deficiency is caused by a defect in calmodulin metabolism.
Abstract: There is need for a reliable index of zinc status in humans. Considering the importance of zinc in membrane function, activities of erythrocyte membrane enzymes have been measured in animals of low and normal zinc status as possible indices. Immature rats and neonatal pigs were fed low and adequate zinc diets; the latter was fed both ad libitum and restricted so as to control for food intake effects. Low rates of gain and plasma zinc concentrations demonstrated that animals fed the low zinc diets were of low zinc status. Erythrocyte membranes were prepared and assayed for Na,K-ATPase, 5'-nucleotidase, and calcium-ATPase activities. Na,K-ATPase activity was not affected by zinc status, but 5'-nucleotidase was significantly lower in deficient animals of both species than in controls, whose food intake was restricted to maintain comparable weight (2.76 vs 3.94 nmol/hr/mg of protein in rats and 60.5 vs 119 in pigs). The basal calcium-ATPase activities were also decreased by low zinc status in both species. Addition of calmodulin in vitro stimulated activity two-fold to four-fold and resulted in the same maximal activities for all treatments. The results show that erythrocyte membrane 5'-nucleotidase activity is an index of zinc status in these species. It is suggested that the decreased membrane calcium-ATPase activity in zinc deficiency is caused by a defect in calmodulin metabolism.
19 citations