Journal ArticleDOI
Zwitterionic, cationic, and anionic fluorinated chemicals in aqueous film forming foam formulations and groundwater from U.S. military bases by nonaqueous large-volume injection HPLC-MS/MS.
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TLDR
The profiles of PFAS in groundwater differ from those found in fluorotelomer- and electrofluorination-based AFFF formulations, which potentially indicates environmental transformation ofPFAS.Abstract:
A new analytical method was developed to quantify 26 newly-identified and 21 legacy (e.g. perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, and fluorotelomer sulfonates) per and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater and aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) formulations. Prior to analysis, AFFF formulations were diluted into methanol and PFAS in groundwater were micro liquid-liquid extracted. Methanolic dilutions of AFFF formulations and groundwater extracts were analyzed by large-volume injection (900 μL) high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Orthogonal chromatography was performed using cation exchange (silica) and anion exchange (propylamine) guard columns connected in series to a reverse-phase (C18) analytical column. Method detection limits for PFAS in groundwater ranged from 0.71 ng/L to 67 ng/L, and whole-method accuracy ranged from 96% to 106% for analytes for which matched authentic analytical standards were available. For analytes without authentic an...read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Fluorinated alternatives to long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their potential precursors
TL;DR: It is unclear whether fluorinated alternatives are safe for humans and the environment and three major data gaps are identified that must be filled to perform meaningful risk assessments.
Journal ArticleDOI
Persistence of Perfluoroalkyl Acid Precursors in AFFF-Impacted Groundwater and Soil
TL;DR: The fraction of PFASs consisting of perfluorinated carboxylates and sulfonates was greater in groundwater and solid samples than in any archived AFFF formulations, suggesting that much of the mass of precursors released at the site was converted to perfluOrinated car boxylate and sulf onates.
Journal ArticleDOI
Discovery of 40 Classes of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Historical Aqueous Film-Forming Foams (AFFFs) and AFFF-Impacted Groundwater
Krista A. Barzen-Hanson,Simon C. Roberts,Sarah Choyke,Karl Oetjen,Alan McAlees,Nicole Riddell,Robert McCrindle,P. Lee Ferguson,Christopher P. Higgins,Jennifer A. Field +9 more
TL;DR: A systematic evaluation of 3M and fluorotelomer-based AFFFs, commercial products, and AFFF-impacted groundwaters from 15 U.S. military bases was conducted to identify the remaining PFASs, finding 57 classes of novel anionic, zwitterionic, and cationic PFAss, most of which derive from electrochemical fluorination processes.
Journal ArticleDOI
An overview of the uses of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
Juliane Glüge,Martin Scheringer,Ian T. Cousins,Jamie C. DeWitt,Gretta Goldenman,Dorte Herzke,Rainer Lohmann,Carla A. Ng,Xenia Trier,Zhanyun Wang +9 more
TL;DR: This study clearly demonstrates that PFAS are used in almost all industry branches and many consumer products, and more than 200 use categories and subcategories are identified for more than 1400 individual PFAS.
Journal ArticleDOI
Emerging poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the aquatic environment: A review of current literature.
TL;DR: This article integrates and critically evaluates what is known about these newly identified PFASs, and surveys the removal of these compounds during conventional and advanced drinking-water and wastewater treatment, predicts the relevant physicochemical properties by means of four software programs, and identifies major knowledge gaps.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
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Journal ArticleDOI
Analysis of fluorotelomer alcohols, fluorotelomer acids, and short- and long-chain perfluorinated acids in water and biota
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TL;DR: A method to determine a wide range of poly- and perfluorinated acids in environmental and biological matrices can be achieved with the use of high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), with a method detection limit in the range of several tens to hundreds of parts-per-quadrillion (pg/L) in water and at a few tens to several parts- per-trillion levels in biologicalMatrices.
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Perfluorinated Surfactants and the Environmental Implications of Their Use in Fire-Fighting Foams
TL;DR: The recent identification of one class of fluorinated surfactants in groundwater impacted by fire-fighting activity has created an awareness of the potential environmental issues resulting from the firefighting activity as mentioned in this paper.