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The results of the laboratory experiments show that the main factor in the raw material controlling the mineralogy and chemistry of the oil shale ashes is the Al 2 O 3 concentration (clay content), and not the organic matter concentration.
The elevated Ca concentrations indicate that the ashes are potential agents for soil remediation and for improving soil fertility.
However, because the ashes contain concrete-damaging components, such as chlorides, sulphates and organic compounds, or excessive quantities of fines, aluminium and waste glass, recycling becomes problematic.
Some constituents of organic matter decompose very quickly and others much more slowly, but both types are important in maintainingfavorable soil conditions and productivity.
Fly ashes can also improve soils with poor physical properties.
Provided that biomass ashes are low in heavy metals and other toxic substances, the ashes can be applied in agriculture as a valuable fertilizer.
organic matter and calcite, which are in excellent agreement with the results in the literature.
The analysed ashes exhibit good physical and chemical properties.
Therefore, both the studied ashes are residues with a potential to be utilized as forest fertilizers as such.

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How does water pollution affect soil? ?
5 answers
Water pollution significantly impacts soil quality. Contaminants like hydrocarbons and heavy metals from polluted water can lead to soil water repellency, affecting plant growth and causing soil erosion. Additionally, pollutants like nitrates from industrial waste can leach into the soil, altering its composition and potentially reaching toxic levels. Studies have shown that irrigation with polluted water can change soil properties, affecting parameters like hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, and porosity. Furthermore, when wastewater containing metals like cadmium, chromium, nickel, and lead is applied to soil, it can lead to elevated levels of these metals in the soil, impacting its functioning. Overall, water pollution introduces various contaminants to the soil, disrupting its natural composition and potentially harming plant life and ecosystem balance.
How would the protein content of tempeh be tested?
5 answers
The protein content of tempeh can be tested using various methods. One common method is the Lowry method, which was utilized in a study to measure the protein content of tempeh when cheese powder was added. Another study mentioned the Kjehdahl method as a way to test the protein content of beans before and after they were processed into tempeh. These methods involve chemical analysis to determine the protein levels accurately. Additionally, the protein content of tempeh can be affected by the raw materials used, such as soybeans, green beans, peanuts, or koro swords, as indicated in a study comparing different media materials for tempeh production. Therefore, testing the protein content of tempeh is crucial for assessing its nutritional value and quality.
Can banna peel really whiten teeth?
5 answers
Banana peels can indeed contribute to teeth whitening. The active components extracted from banana peels have sterilization, anti-inflammation effects, and hairdressing properties due to the presence of potassium, vitamin A, and vitamin C. However, it is essential to note that while natural ingredients like banana peels can have whitening effects, other traditional practices like brushing teeth with betel nut peel may lead to negative effects such as tooth discoloration and abrasion. On the other hand, herbal extracts like green tea, bay leaf, and lime peel have been found effective in removing extrinsic stains from teeth and dentures due to their abrasive materials and active agents. Additionally, the application of mangosteen peel extract has shown to reverse the reduced shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets after bleaching, indicating its potential in maintaining dental health post-bleaching.
How does the amount of slag generated during the EAF process per kg steel?
5 answers
The amount of slag generated during the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) process per kg of steel varies based on several factors. Slag plays a crucial role in steelmaking by capturing impurity elements like phosphorus and sulfur from the molten steel, aiding in refining. Different studies highlight various aspects affecting slag generation. Factors such as the type of carbon materials used, like anthracite or coke, can influence slag foaming height and energy consumption. Additionally, the composition and properties of fluxes used to form the slag phase impact the efficiency and energy consumption of electric steelmaking. Techniques like introducing lime powder directly into the EAF molten bath through O2-CaO jet technology can enhance the melting rate and effectiveness of phosphorus removal, affecting slag generation. Understanding these factors is essential for optimizing slag generation per kg of steel in the EAF process.
What are the scientifically proven benefits of using leaf fertilizer for plant growth and development?
5 answers
Using leaf fertilizers for plant growth and development has several scientifically proven benefits. Leaf fertilizers, such as Amalgerol Essence, Nutribio N, and Trafos A-Z, have been shown to increase wheat and sunflower yields significantly, even with reduced mineral nitrogen doses. Additionally, a leaf fertilization method involving amino acid soluble fertilizers and bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9 has been found to promote crop growth, increase yield, improve crop quality, reduce chemical fertilizer consumption, and enhance soil properties, benefiting vegetables like pepper and cowpea. Furthermore, leaf fertilizers containing medium trace elements can supply abundant nutrients, promote plant growth, improve enzymatic activity, enhance nutrient absorption, increase photosynthetic efficiency, accelerate bud emergence, and improve fruit and vegetable yield and quality. These findings highlight the effectiveness of leaf fertilizers in enhancing plant productivity and quality.
What are the specific chemical components in organic fertilizers that promote the growth of denitrifier microorganisms in soil?
5 answers
Organic fertilizers contain specific chemical components that promote the growth of denitrifier microorganisms in soil. These components include high available nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) content, as well as processed manure like digestate, compost, vermicompost, and biochar. Additionally, the presence of organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in fertilizers like compost can significantly increase soil denitrification potential by enhancing the abundance of denitrifying microorganisms such as Rubrivivax gelatinosus and Azospirillum sp. TSO28-1. Furthermore, solid organic fertilizers enriched with composite microbial agents like Pencillium polonicum, Bacillus pumilus, Geotrichum candidum, and functional microbial agents like Azotobacter chroococcum, Agrobacterium, and Bacillus circulans can also stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere.
How to prepare soil for microbial analysis?
4 answers
To prepare soil for microbial analysis, various methods can be employed. One approach involves using microfluidic devices like Soil Chips, which mimic soil networks and allow real-time visualization of microbial activity. Another method includes direct 14C analysis of microbial biomolecules extracted from soil, offering an alternative to traditional soil incubations for identifying carbon sources assimilated by microbial communities. Additionally, a method utilizing an Archimedes spiral form on agar plates combined with radiocarbon markers can effectively detect bacterial microbes in soil, providing a simple yet powerful tool for microbial detection. Furthermore, a technique involving the preparation of microorganisms with reduced soil-derived substances for nucleic acid analysis can be implemented using specific electrode potentials and high-frequency wave potentials. Overall, these diverse methods offer valuable insights into microbial communities in soil for comprehensive analysis.
How to measure plant growth added with fertilizer?
5 answers
To measure plant growth added with fertilizer, various methods can be employed based on different research studies. One approach involves using active contour computer vision techniques to calculate plant growth by analyzing images of seedlings treated with different fertilizers. Another method utilizes a color sensor combined with Arduino Uno Board to automatically measure the amount of fertilizer needed for corn plants based on leaf color, achieving an accuracy level of 82%. Additionally, an analysis device and method have been developed to calculate the average consumption value of each nutrient component in a culture solution to determine the composition and dose ratio of needed nutrient elements without harming the plant, ensuring high precision in measurement and analysis results. These diverse techniques offer effective ways to quantify plant growth in response to fertilizer applications.
How would the hygiene of the tempeh be tested?
4 answers
The hygiene of tempeh can be tested through various methods such as testing water content, hygiene, number of mold colonies, and protein content. Additionally, the detection of coliform contamination and the presence of Salmonella sp. contamination can be conducted on banana leaves-wrapped soybean tempeh using specific testing methods like Most Probable Number (MPN) series and Salmonella Shigella Agar (SSA) media. Improving the hygiene of soybean tempe processing involves interventions like replacing boiling facilities with stainless steel, using Chlorine tablets in water sources, and applying Chlorine powder to water reservoirs. These measures aim to ensure that tempeh products meet quality standards and are safe for consumption, enhancing the overall quality and safety of the fermented food product.
What are the limitations of e water in a hospital kitchen?
5 answers
Electronic faucets in hospital kitchens have been found to harbor high bacteria counts, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, posing a potential risk for nosocomial infections. Hospital wastewater, including from kitchen areas, can contain high levels of bacteriological pollutants, with potential health risks due to contamination. Hospital wastewater treatment is challenging, especially in dealing with pharmaceutical residues, necessitating advanced treatment methods like electro bioreactors to reduce chemical oxygen demand and remove nutrients. Studies have shown that certain brands of electronic faucets in hospitals can lead to unacceptable levels of microbial growth, potentially hazardous to patients, emphasizing the importance of monitoring water quality in healthcare settings. Hospital water quality, even after treatment, can still contain opportunistic pathogenic bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, posing health risks to vulnerable patients.
Why lime is not suitable for restoration of historic buildinsg?
5 answers
Lime is considered less suitable for the restoration of historic buildings due to its limitations in terms of durability and hardening process. While lime-based mortars are commonly used for restoration, they can lack optimal strength and require extended exposure periods to achieve desired hardness, leading to slower work progress and increased costs. Additionally, traditional slaked lime has been found to deteriorate more easily compared to powdered hydrated lime, making it less ideal for long-term preservation efforts. Although lime mortars offer good compatibility with historic masonry, their application requires careful consideration of environmental exposure conditions and thorough testing to ensure durability and performance. To address these shortcomings, research has explored the use of additives like silica fume and biopolymers to enhance the mechanical strength and carbonation process of lime mortars, making them more suitable for restoration purposes.