Are cytokines and antibodies the same thing?
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| It should be recognised that although cytokines are similar in many respects to polypeptide hormones, cytokines can be produced by a variety of different cell … | |
188 Citations | Experiments demonstrate that multiple cytokines and antibodies can be simultaneously detected using this new approach. |
21 Citations | The study indicates that even cytokines, which are closely related in terms of structure and function, may have a substantially different impact on the biodistribution and functional properties of the corresponding fusions with disease-homing antibodies. |
| Since cytokines regulate the class/subclass switch, antibodies may also be the biomarkers of protective or pathological cellular immune events. | |
141 Citations | Different cytokines can also have the same activity, which provides for functional redundancy within the inflammatory and immune systems. |
| Thus, our results demonstrate that a combination of passively transferred cytokines and antibodies is crucial for disease protection. | |
31 Citations | Both cytokines share their receptors and signal pathways, giving these two cytokines similar biological properties. |
95 Citations | The success of these antibodies has also provided strong support for the possibility that increased activity of cytokines or growth factors is causally implicated in a variety of human diseases. |
11 Citations | [8] supports a role for induced anti-cytokine antibodies during immunoinflammatory neurological diseases, interest in natural anticytokine antibodies in general is bound to increase when more researchers and clinicians realize that: (a) these molecules interfere with the measurement of certain cytokines in biological fluids [1]; (b) pre-existing autoantibodies to cytokines almost invariably invalidate therapy |
78 Citations | Moreover, the same cytokines may have different effects, depending on their concentration and the type of cells in the vicinity. |
Related Questions
What are cytokines/?5 answersCytokines are small proteins or peptides that act as immunomodulating agents, released mainly by cells of the immune system in response to various stimuli. They play a crucial role in regulating immune responses, inducing inflammation, and modulating immune system activity. Cytokines can have pleiotropic effects, influencing cell differentiation, proliferation, and activation in nearby or distant cells. Classified based on structure and function, cytokines include interleukins, chemokines, interferons, and growth factors. While essential for host defense, certain cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α can also contribute to inflammatory and chronic diseases. Moreover, cytokine storms, characterized by excessive cytokine release, can lead to severe conditions like sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The skin serves as a model system for studying cytokine biology, with implications for dermatology and therapeutic interventions.
What are antibodies in general?4 answersAntibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are large Y-shaped proteins produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. They are synthesized in serum and tissue fluids and react specifically with the antigen that stimulated their production. Antibodies have a specific structure with two heavy chains and two light chains, forming a bivalent monomer. Each antibody has a unique region called the paratope that binds to a specific region on the antigen, allowing for precise binding. Antibodies play a crucial role in the immune response by tagging pathogens for attack by other immune cells or directly neutralizing their target. They can also impede the biological processes causing diseases or activate macrophages to destroy foreign substances. Antibodies have been extensively used in diagnostic assays and are essential in various immunological methods and tests.
How do cytokines function as signaling molecules in the immune system?4 answersCytokines are small proteins that function as signaling molecules in the immune system, regulating inflammation and immunity in a complex manner. They are produced by various cells and modulate the function of cells that express their specific receptors. Cytokines play a crucial role in coordinating the function and migration of immune cells in a time- and space-specific manner. They act as intercellular messengers, mediating interactions between different immune cells. Cytokines have evolved to include various types such as interferons, interleukins, chemokines, and tumor necrosis factor family members. They are involved in immune cell differentiation, inflammation, tumorigenesis, and viral pathogenesis. Dysregulation of cytokines is implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, and modifying cytokine activity with biologics has shown effectiveness in treating these diseases. Overall, cytokines play a crucial role in modulating the innate and adaptive immune response.
What are antibodies ?4 answersAntibodies are globulin proteins that are synthesized in serum and tissue fluids. They react specifically with the antigen that stimulated their production. Antibodies are glycoprotein molecules secreted by the immune system in response to antigens or disease-causing pathogens. They have a Y-shaped structure and bind to and kill pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) are used in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. mAbs are more effective than conventional antibodies in the treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurological disorders. Antibody fragments like Fab, ScFv, and VHH have high binding affinity and ease of production. Antibodies are important components of the immune system against infections, and measuring antibody levels can determine if individuals have been infected and if they are protected against the disease. Antibodies are a highly diverse class of immune receptors that specifically recognize antigens at epitopes. Antibody structures can be predicted from sequences, and the binding modes of antibody-antigen complexes can be sampled using protein docking methods.
What are the functions of cytokines produced by cells?3 answersCytokines are biologically active proteins that regulate various processes in the body, including immune response, cell growth, differentiation, and functional activity. They are produced by all types of cells and play a crucial role in immune regulation, inflammatory responses, and homeostasis. Cytokines can elicit a range of responses such as cell activation, proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, and inflammation. They act as messengers between cells, modifying cellular functions and allowing communication between different cell types. Cytokines also have an impact on neuronal structure and function, influencing synaptic scaling, plasticity, and synapse structure. Overall, cytokines have diverse functions in the body, playing a vital role in immune regulation, inflammation, cellular communication, and neuronal processes.
What is the difference between an antigen and antibody?5 answersAn antigen is any substance that can induce a specific immune response and can be recognized by antibodies or lymphocytes. Antigens can be simple molecules, toxins, chemicals, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, or nucleic acids derived from microorganisms or foreign substances. They can also be found in the body's tissues and cells, including cancer cells. Antigens trigger an immune response and can be used as biomarkers. On the other hand, an antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a protein produced by B cells in response to an antigen. Antibodies have the ability to specifically bind to antigens and launch an immune response. They play a crucial role in fighting pathogens and activating other components of the immune system. The association between an antibody and its antigen involves numerous non-covalent interactions, and the structure and function of antibodies contribute to their specificity and high affinity for antigens. Understanding antigen-antibody interactions is important for various applications in medicine and human health.