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In view of the widespread use of laser pointers, the risk of retinal damage must be minimal, even with the types now banned.
Mobile Laser Unit: Mobile laser units are of relevance in the Indian context to render laser facility available in smaller towns.
Open accessJournal Article
Van B. Nakagawara, Ron W. Montgomery 
7 Citations
When used in a responsible manner, laser pointers are not considered to be hazardous.
The model indicates that reasons for this lie in relatively less emphasis in India on experimental and applied aspects of laser research compared to international averages.
We recommended restriction of usage of such lights for indoor events through awareness campaigns and guidelines.
As laser use becomes more widespread and its application increasingly heterogeneous, regulation of laser use and monitoring of laser safety are crucial but at the same time challenging.
In conclusion, the pulse-width and wavelength of the laser light are critical parameters for laser treatments.
An analysis of 1223 papers published by India (347papers) and China (876papers) at conferences and in journals during 1993 and 1997 in the field of laser S&T indicates that China"s output was twice to that of India.
The laser research performed in India appears to be a part of mainstream science as indicated by the pattern of publications and citations.
More than 80% of the public places in a jurisdiction in north India were compliant with the smoke-free legislation of India.

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What type of research has no participants?
4 answers
Research that involves non-participation typically refers to studies where individuals decline to participate or do not actively engage in the research process. Various studies have highlighted the impact of non-participation on research outcomes. For instance, studies have shown that non-participants in clinical trials may exhibit less favorable outcomes compared to participants, affecting the overall sample representation. In other cases, non-participation bias can lead to skewed results, especially in studies involving subjects with severe mental illnesses who are more likely to be non-participants, causing selection bias. Additionally, non-participation in telehealth trials can stem from barriers such as technological challenges and limited disease understanding, influencing the success of telehealth initiatives.
What is the disadvantage of using an endoscope with a Raman spectroscopy?
5 answers
The main disadvantage of using an endoscope with Raman spectroscopy is the limited sampling areas and depth information provided by Raman spectroscopy alone. While Raman spectroscopy offers label-free and highly specific molecular information, it lacks the ability to provide comprehensive insights into the complexity of a sample. To address this limitation, multimodal optical systems are being developed, combining Raman spectroscopy with other optical modalities like optical coherence tomography and fluorescence spectroscopy. These multimodal systems can offer a more holistic view of the sample by assessing different aspects and providing a distinct set of independent biomarkers. Additionally, physiological factors such as gender, ethnicity, age, BMI, and anatomical locations can introduce variability in Raman spectra acquired through endoscopic systems, potentially affecting the sensitivity in disease discrimination.
How does the use of performance-enhancing machinery affect the overall performance of athletes?
5 answers
The use of performance-enhancing machinery can significantly impact athletes' overall performance. Machinery like exercise machines with tension generating devices, active dampers for controlling vibrations, and adjustable resistance assemblies for optimized cardiovascular fitnessplay crucial roles. However, it is essential to note that the use of machinery should be carefully monitored, especially in the context of performance-enhancing substances (PESs). PESs, including legal supplements and illicit drugs, are commonly used by athletes, but concerns arise due to contamination, adverse effects, and potential correlation with future use of anabolic steroids. Athletes must be cautious about the substances they use to enhance performance, as harmful consequences can arise, impacting not only their own well-being but also influencing their competitors to follow suit.
Can state mandates result in lower quality of local hazar mitigation outcomes?
4 answers
State mandates have been a significant factor in shaping local hazard mitigation outcomes, with evidence suggesting that they generally lead to improvements in the quality of local planning and compliance, rather than a decrease in quality. The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, which requires local governments to have a FEMA-approved Hazard Mitigation Plan (HMP) for federal assistance eligibility, shows a commitment to enhancing local hazard mitigation efforts, although compliance has been uneven across the country. Despite this, the influence of federal policies on local land use policy and hazard mitigation planning has been minimal, with state policies playing a more decisive role. Research indicates that high-quality hazard mitigation plans can significantly improve post-disaster outcomes by establishing a community fact base and providing rationales for protective policies and actions. Moreover, state mandates have been shown to not only ensure that communities that might not otherwise plan do so but also result in higher quality plans than those produced voluntarily by communities not under such mandates. This is supported by findings that state mandates enhance the content and quality of comprehensive plans, indicating a clear measurable effect in improving plan quality. However, the effectiveness of these mandates can vary. For instance, in Florida, compliance with state mandates on coastal storm hazards showed high variability, suggesting that the implementation of planning mandates and local conditions significantly influence outcomes. Additionally, the institutional context at the regional and local levels plays a crucial role in the adoption of disaster mitigation policies, with regional institutional variables positively affecting local government policy adoption. In summary, while there are challenges and variability in compliance and effectiveness, state mandates generally contribute to improving the quality of local hazard mitigation outcomes rather than diminishing it. This improvement is contingent upon the design of the mandates, the enforcement and implementation by state authorities, and the local and regional institutional contexts.
Does cyberbullying effect students in many ways?
5 answers
Cyberbullying significantly impacts students in various ways. It affects their learning by causing distractions and lowering self-esteem, leading to compromised mental health and disrupted sleep patterns. Cyberbullying can result in negative emotional and academic consequences, with victims experiencing depression, self-harm, and even suicidal ideation. The harmful effects extend to the online environment, where cyberbullying can lead to dissatisfaction with life, deteriorated school achievements, and a negative impact on attitudes towards school. Additionally, cyberbullying can have long-term consequences, potentially leading to delinquent behaviors in adulthood. Therefore, addressing cyberbullying is crucial to safeguard students' well-being and academic success.
What are the current research topics and trends in library and information science?
5 answers
Current research topics and trends in Library and Information Science encompass a variety of themes. Studies indicate a shift towards computer applications in LIS research in India, with a focus on areas like health information needs, bibliometrics in medicine, health information literacy, and information seeking behavior. Health sciences librarians are publishing on diverse topics such as libraries, information, education, technology, data, and informatics, indicating a broad research spectrum. Moreover, doctoral-level research in Indian LIS schools predominantly revolves around Information Communication Technology (ICT) applications in libraries and Information seeking behavior, with declining interest in Bibliometrics/Scientometrics and Webometrics/Website evaluation studies. These trends reflect the evolving landscape of research interests within the field of Library and Information Science.
How does housing density influence stress level of household wife?
5 answers
Housing density plays a significant role in influencing the stress levels of household wives. Research indicates that high housing density can be a stressor detrimental to couples' relationships, potentially leading to increased anxiety and stress. Gender also plays a crucial role in how individuals respond to high-density living environments, with women more likely to experience depression in crowded homes. Additionally, the number of bathroom spaces in dwelling units can impact family attitudes and perceptions of environmental stress, further highlighting the influence of living conditions on stress levels. Therefore, it is evident that housing density, along with factors like gender-specific responses and dwelling features, can significantly impact the stress levels experienced by household wives.
How do secondary traumatic stress and compassion fatigue affect frontline domestic abuse workers?
5 answers
Secondary traumatic stress and compassion fatigue can significantly impact frontline domestic abuse workers. Secondary traumatic stress, also known as vicarious trauma, can lead to symptoms resembling PTSD in professionals who work with traumatized individuals, affecting their cognitive schemas and memory systems. On the other hand, compassion fatigue results in a gradual erosion of empathy, optimism, and compassion among caregivers, including frontline workers dealing with domestic abuse cases. These challenges can manifest as sleep disturbances, intimacy issues, anxiety, and depression, affecting the overall well-being of frontline workers. To mitigate these effects, individual and organizational strategies such as self-care practices, clear boundaries between work and personal life, and workplace support systems are crucial for maintaining the mental health and resilience of frontline domestic abuse workers.
How to measure show-off?
5 answers
Show-off behavior can be measured using various methods outlined in the provided contexts. One approach involves analyzing citation practices in scientific communication to determine if authors tend to cite recent literature to show off their knowledge or expertise. Another method involves utilizing a measuring device equipped with a laser transmitter and receiver to accurately record and display measurements, allowing for precise data collection. In a different context, show-off behavior is studied in the context of talent competitions, where individuals may choose to "show off" their abilities through costly signals, impacting the dynamics of competition. Additionally, show-off behavior has been observed in children, with studies comparing the frequency of showing-off behaviors in different cultural settings to understand its role in social interactions. Furthermore, systems and methods have been developed to measure show-through in printed documents, utilizing imaging devices and calculations based on scanned data.
Who introduced the term pedestrian shed?
5 answers
The term "pedestrian shed" was introduced by Zhenqi Zhou and Zhen Xu in their research. They conducted a study focusing on urban parks' attractiveness and travel convenience, particularly in the context of walking routes from residences to parks. The research emphasized the importance of understanding walking routes' duration and perception to enhance pedestrian access to parks. By analyzing data from Xuanwu Lake Park in Nanjing, they highlighted the significant variations in walking routes concerning distance, turns, and street views, which directly impact travel convenience and visiting propensity. The concept of pedestrian sheds, as discussed in their study, plays a crucial role in assessing pedestrian environments and guiding urban planners and policymakers in optimizing park locations and evaluating park service capacity.
What laws in 18th and 19th century ireland disenfranchised irish workers?
4 answers
In 18th and 19th century Ireland, Irish workers were disenfranchised by various laws and systems. The Irish Poor Laws of the 19th century played a significant role in this disenfranchisement, particularly affecting women and children by imposing a gendered nature of relief distribution and reinforcing concepts of respectability and independence within the workhouses. Additionally, the merging of white supremacy with Democratic labor politics in the 19th century led to the disenfranchisement of Irish Americans, especially the working class, who faced discrimination and hostility, culminating in events like the New York draft riots of 1863. Furthermore, empirical evidence from Major League Baseball in the late 19th century suggests that Irish immigrants faced ethnic job discrimination, being relegated to less central positions, having limited opportunities for advancement, and encountering anti-Irish sentiments in the workforce.