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Are Peptides addictive?

Neuropeptide Y receptor

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Book Chapter•DOI Orexigenic Hypothalamic Peptides Behavior and Feeding Jon F. Davis, Derrick L. Choi, Stephen C. Benoit - Show less +2 more 01 Jan 2011 8 Citations	Collectively, these ideas suggest that orexigenic peptides regulate reward processing, food reinforced behavior, and addictive behavior.
Journal Article•DOI Thymus peptides interacting with opiate receptors Andrey A. Zozulya, Sergey Ph. Pschenichkin, Mikhail R. Shchurin, Jury N. Khomjakov, Ivan A. Besvershenko - Show less +4 more 01 Oct 1985-European Journal of Endocrinology 13 Citations	The value of their sodium shift suggests that those peptides are partial agonists of morphine.
Journal Article•DOI Effects of putative cognitive function-enhancing drugs and dopaminergic agents on somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in rat brain. Kiyoshi Maeda, Eiichiro Kawata, Kazuo Sakai, Kazuo Chihara - Show less +3 more 23 Mar 1993-European Journal of Pharmacology 18 Citations	Also, it is suggest that these peptides are under different influences of the dopaminergic system in the brain.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Production and properties of health-promoting proteins and peptides from bovine colostrum and milk Hannu J. Korhonen 03 Nov 2013-Cellular and Molecular Biology 30 Citations	It is speculated that such potentially beneficial effects are partially attributed to bioactive peptides derived from intact proteins.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Catecholamines and opioid peptides increase in plasma in humans during possession trances. Norie Kawai, CA Manabu Honda, Satoshi Nakamura, Purwa Samatra, Ketut Sukardika, Yoji Nakatani, Nobuhiro Shimojo, Tsutomu Oohashi - Show less +7 more 16 Nov 2001-Neuroreport 30 Citations	The present finding suggests that catecholamines and opioid peptides are involved in possession trances.

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What is NMR spectroscopy?

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful method for studying the structure, dynamics, and interactions of various molecules, including peptides, macromolecules, proteins, and synthetic macromolecular materials. It provides atomic resolution insights into complex biological systems, such as membrane-embedded proteins and mineral-associated proteins, which are challenging for other techniques like X-ray crystallography or electron microscopy. NMR spectroscopy is essential for chemical identification, structural studies, and analyzing molecular compounds in solutions, making it a valuable tool in structural genomics, drug discovery, and pharmaceutical research. Moreover, NMR can characterize the structure, dynamics, and motions of components within synthetic macromolecular systems, offering detailed information on molecular movements and functional species like protons or ions. Additionally, NMR spectroscopy plays a crucial role in characterizing polymer chains, estimating thermal mobility, and investigating chain conformations in both solution and solid states.What are the differences between cyclic peptides and macrocyclic peptides?

Cyclic peptides and macrocyclic peptides share similarities but differ in size and structural complexity. Cyclic peptides are smaller molecules that have been widely used in various therapies due to their pharmacokinetic advantages. On the other hand, macrocyclic peptides are larger molecules that are gaining importance in drug development, particularly for targeting intracellular protein-protein interactions. Macrocyclic peptides can be cell-permeable and are capable of fine-tuning signaling pathways by antagonizing specific states of proteins like Gαs. Additionally, the use of tailored DNA-encoded cyclic peptide libraries has led to the discovery of potent macrocyclic peptides with low molecular weight and high selectivity for inhibiting therapeutically relevant protein-protein interactions.Why does Cholesterol coating form nanoparticle with small size?

Cholesterol coating forms nanoparticles with small sizes due to its ability to stabilize and promote lipid interactions at the nanoscale. Research indicates that cholesterol-rich nanoparticles can be synthesized with sizes ranging from 15 to 31 nm, demonstrating the role of cholesterol in nanoparticle formation. Moreover, cholesterol-phosphate conjugates have been shown to assemble into stable nanoparticles with high encapsulation efficiency, promoting interactions with cell membranes and enhancing cellular uptake. Additionally, cholesterol-modified peptides have been found to self-assemble into stable nanoparticles with considerable stability, showing potential for therapeutic applications in cancer treatment. These findings collectively highlight the crucial role of cholesterol in forming stable and functional nanoparticles, especially in the context of drug delivery systems and cancer therapy.How can algae-derived proteins and peptides be utilized in the development of new drugs and medications?

Algae-derived proteins and peptides exhibit pharmacological potential for drug development. These compounds, including pigments, polysaccharides, and peptides, possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties, making them valuable in treating various diseases. Studies have shown that peptides from microalgae, when stabilized using carriers like gold nanoparticles, can enhance their stability and efficacy in biological systems. Algae are rich sources of bioactive components like fatty acids, polysaccharides, and antioxidants, which are essential for pharmaceutical applications. Despite the existing challenges, ongoing research aims to harness the therapeutic potential of algae-derived proteins and peptides through in vitro, animal, and clinical studies, paving the way for their incorporation into new drugs and medications.HOW peptone and IRON complex IS MADE?

Peptone can be produced by utilizing condensed fish soluble waste material through a method involving odor removal, enzymolysis, centrifuging, and spray-drying, resulting in a peptone product with complete amino acid varieties and high nutrient value. On the other hand, an iron complex can be prepared by reacting a ligand with anhydrous FeCl3 in acetonitrile to form a complex solution, followed by obtaining the crystal of the iron complex through precipitation. Additionally, a method for producing an iron binuclear complex involves formulating a precursor solution with an iron salt and a specific compound, then mixing it with another compound to yield the desired complex. These methods provide insights into the production processes of peptone and iron complexes, showcasing different approaches for creating these valuable products.Are there any papers on gels that have multiple acquired properties such as self-healing?

Multiple research papers have explored the development of hydrogels with diverse properties, including self-healing capabilities. These hydrogels are designed to respond to various stimuli and possess the ability to repair themselves after damage. For instance, a study focused on a self-healing hydrogel with multiple dynamic bond cross-links, combining reversible catechol-Fe3+ coordinate bonds, hydrogen bonding, and Schiff base bonds, demonstrated excellent autonomous healing and potential for diabetic wound treatment. Another research project aimed to create an innovative gel carrier based on dynamic interactions between amphiphilic polyurethane and peptides, resulting in self-assembling gels with self-healing properties suitable for drug delivery systems and tissue regeneration. These studies highlight the growing interest in multifunctional gels with self-healing abilities for various biomedical applications.What valuable molecules slaughterhouse side stream bovine tail has?

The slaughterhouse side stream bovine tail contains valuable molecules such as carboxylic acids, proteins, and fats. Research indicates that bovine slaughterhouse by-products can be processed into protein ingredients for pet food, technical fat for biofuel production, and carboxylic acids like caproic acid under acidogenic conditions. Additionally, slaughterhouse blood, a part of the bovine tail, is rich in proteins and can yield bioactive peptides with various beneficial properties like angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and antioxidant effects. Furthermore, the fat rendering process from bovine slaughter by-products can generate protein material suitable for meat product manufacturing, with adequate microbiological and physical-chemical characteristics. These findings highlight the diverse valuable molecules present in the bovine tail side stream from slaughterhouses.What are some novel research gaps or questions for Pituitary Adenomas?

The exploration of pituitary adenomas, a prevalent type of intracranial tumor, has unveiled several research gaps and questions that demand further investigation. One significant area is the molecular pathogenesis and classification of nonfunctional pituitary adenomas, where the current classification does not reflect molecular distinctions between subtypes. This gap suggests a need for studies focusing on elucidating molecular changes and reclassifying these tumors based on molecular criteria. Additionally, the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas, particularly non-functioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA), presents a novel avenue for research, with implications for diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Another promising research direction involves the therapeutic potential of somatostatin receptor (SSTR) agonists for nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs), which express high levels of SSTR3. The discovery of ITF2984 as a full agonist of SSTR3, showing significant antitumor activity in vivo, opens up new possibilities for treatment options that are currently limited. Furthermore, the challenge of accurately diagnosing pituitary adenomas due to their radiographic heterogeneity highlights the need for advancements in imaging techniques and the development of computer vision models to improve diagnostic accuracy. The management of refractory pituitary adenomas also presents a research gap, particularly in the localization of active disease sites to inform decision-making. This underscores the potential value of non-standard MR sequences, alternative post-acquisition image processing, and molecular imaging. Moreover, the identification of differential proteins related to invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in invasive pituitary adenomas, such as SLC2A1, suggests a need for further research on diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for invasive subtypes. Lastly, the growth potential of pituitary microadenomas in children and the accuracy of MRI measurements in evaluating these lesions raise questions about optimal follow-up recommendations and highlight the importance of establishing evidence-based guidelines. Together, these research gaps and questions underscore the complexity of pituitary adenomas and the multifaceted approach needed to advance understanding and treatment of these tumors.What is the difference between recognition and validation?

Recognition involves acknowledging and valuing knowledge regardless of how, when, or where it was acquired, as seen in a study on caretakers' vocational competence validation. On the other hand, validation is the process of confirming the authenticity or accuracy of something, such as experiential learning in adults. Recognition focuses on making learning visible and valuing prior knowledge, while validation is about verifying and crediting that knowledge. In decision-making, recognition can be a basis for judgments, but failures in sending or receiving recognition signals can lead to discrepancies between recognition and criteria, as discussed in a study on decision-making models. In the context of auditory emotion recognition tests, validation involves measuring performance against expectations and assessing standard deviation of scores.