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This paper not only exposes various novel properties of BP transistors, but also demonstrates the great usefulness of the BP transistors.
These devices are not as speedy as state-of-the-art transistors, but they require far less energy to switch.
Our findings could be useful for designing integrated circuits using such advanced transistors.
The results are important for the design of polymer vertical transistors with high on/off ratios.
Bipolar transistors are attractive due to their small forward voltage drop and ease of fabrication compared to MOSFETs.
The material and findings in the study are believed helpful for realizing controllable high-performance stable transistors.
These HJBTs show great promise as microwave transistors.
Open accessJournal ArticleDOI
Nan Ma, Debdeep Jena 
52 Citations
Such transistors can potentially perform electronic switching with lower energy than their conventional counterparts.
The static characteristics demonstrate that the transistors should be suitable for circuit applications.
The results demonstrate a new scheme of building nanometer-scale transistors.
This value is comparable to that of state-of-the-art thin-film transistors.
These values are the best ones ever reported for GaN-based normally-off transistors
The fabricated transistors exhibit excellent I-V characteristics.
To the best of our knowledge, these are the most radiation-hard thin film transistors reported to date.
The resulting thin films yield stable and reproducible performance in thin-film transistors.
Vertical Organic Transistors are a novel technology that has the potential to overcome these limitations of OFETs.
It is demonstrated that thin-film transistors can be made reproducibly with desirable characteristics.
We demonstrate thin-film transistors with the fabrication advantages associated with printed electronics and the device performance associated with inorganic materials that are typically patterned via photolithography.

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What are z-scheme heterojunctions?
5 answers
Z-scheme heterojunctions are advanced photocatalytic structures that enhance charge separation and redox capabilities for efficient catalytic reactions. These heterojunctions involve the strategic combination of two or more semiconductors with suitable energy band structures to create an extended light absorption range and promote effective electron-hole pair separation. By constructing compact interfaces favoring Z-scheme charge transfer, these heterojunctions significantly improve photocatalytic performance, such as achieving high selectivity, efficiency, and stability in chemical/fuel production. The Z-scheme design allows for the modulation of charge transfer pathways, leading to enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction and other catalytic reactions with superior selectivity and activity.
Why the presence of SO42-, CO32-, and PO43- ions reduces the reduction efficiency for zvi for Cr(VI)?
4 answers
The presence of SO42-, CO32-, and PO43- ions reduces the reduction efficiency of ZVI for Cr(VI) due to their inhibitory effects on the adsorption process. These ions compete with Cr(VI) for adsorption sites on the ZVI surface, leading to a decrease in the overall removal efficiency. Additionally, the adsorption of Cr(VI) by ZVI is significantly inhibited by SO42- ions, impacting the effectiveness of the remediation process. The interference of these ions hinders the ability of ZVI to effectively interact with and reduce Cr(VI), thereby reducing the overall efficiency of the treatment system. This highlights the importance of considering the presence of various ions in groundwater when designing remediation strategies involving ZVI.
Total citations of Integrated Ferroelectrics Journal?
4 answers
The Integrated Ferroelectrics Journal has been cited in multiple research papers discussing the fabrication and application of ferroelectric transistors integrated with van der Waals ferroelectrics heterostructures, highlighting their potential for nonvolatile memory characteristics and low-dimensional ferroelectronics exploration. Additionally, the journal has been referenced in studies focusing on the fundamental properties of ferroelectric materials compatible with 2D devices, including ferroelectric-gated negative capacitance field-effect transistors and nonvolatile memories, emphasizing the integration of ferroelectrics into next-generation electronics. Furthermore, the journal has been cited in research exploring the integration of ferroelectric thin films into standard CMOS processes for nonvolatile memory applications, showcasing the potential of ferroelectric memories as the ultimate memory solution due to their low power operation and fast access characteristics.
What is photocalysis ?
5 answers
Photocatalysis is a process that utilizes light energy to initiate chemical reactions in the presence of a photocatalyst. It mimics natural photosynthesis, generating charge carriers under light irradiation to catalyze reactions. This phenomenon is crucial for various applications like air and water purification, hydrogen production, and pollutant degradation. Despite its eco-friendly and cost-effective nature, photocatalysis requires a light source and may be less effective in low-light conditions. To enhance efficiency, ongoing research focuses on combining photocatalysis with other methods, developing novel photocatalysts, and using new materials. Strategies like doping, heterojunction/homojunction, and morphology control are employed to improve photocatalytic efficiency. Overall, photocatalysis is a promising technology with vast potential in addressing energy and environmental challenges.
What is advantage of immunosensor?
5 answers
Immunosensors offer several advantages over conventional methods for pathogen and toxin detection. They do not require highly trained personnel for operation, are quick, highly selective, and sensitive, and have the potential to significantly enhance diagnostic processes. In the case of Rituximab (RTX) monitoring, immunosensors provide a feasible alternative to chromatographic methods and immunoassays, offering affordability, label-free detection, and high sensitivity for on-site monitoring. Moreover, in the context of SARS-CoV-2 detection, immunosensors demonstrate high performance in terms of rapid and precise virus detection, without the need for polymerase chain reaction tests or labeling, showcasing their potential for efficient and accurate diagnostics. Overall, immunosensors present a promising solution for various detection applications due to their speed, sensitivity, selectivity, and ease of use.
What is the impact of Hyung Suk Kim's leadership on the development of TADF materials?
4 answers
Hyung Suk Kim's leadership has not been directly mentioned in the provided contexts. However, research by various authors highlights the significance of TADF materials in photonics. Studies emphasize the importance of choosing suitable TADF materials with multiple resonance effects for high-performance triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion systems. Additionally, the development of donor-acceptor metal-organic frameworks with tunable TADF properties showcases the potential for highly adjustable photonic modules. Furthermore, the synthesis of efficient s‐heptazine TADF materials for bioimaging applications demonstrates the advancements in creating novel TADF materials with strong optical properties. While Hyung Suk Kim's specific impact is not detailed, these findings collectively underscore the critical role of innovative TADF materials in photonics, potentially influenced by leaders like Kim.
What are the minimum mask steps required to make a functional pMOS?
5 answers
To create a functional pMOS transistor with reduced masking steps, the process involves utilizing a minimum number of critical masks. By forming conductive gate/insulator layer stacks on different conductivity portions of a semiconductor substrate and implementing disposable outer sidewall spacers, heavy and light source/drain implantations of opposite conductivity types can be performed with only two critical masks, reducing production costs and duration while increasing manufacturing throughput. Additionally, a method involves forming Sigma-shaped grooves in sidewalls and filling them with crushing stress materials to enhance the transistor's channel region. This streamlined approach allows for the efficient formation of pMOS transistors with improved performance.
How does chemical vapor growth of graphene work?
5 answers
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for graphene growth involves complex gas-phase surface reactions, mass, momentum, and energy transfer processes. Factors like temperature, pressure, and reactor design play crucial roles in optimizing graphene synthesis. Electric fields applied during CVD can significantly impact graphene growth, enabling selective or rapid growth of clean films. Direct CVD of graphene on specific substrates like 3C-SiC can be challenging due to low carbon atom diffusion, necessitating alternative methods like PECVD for successful growth. A modified CVD method utilizing ceramic plates and defect-rich vertical graphene accelerates graphene growth without increasing nucleation density, enabling rapid millimeter-sized graphene grain production in minutes. Overall, CVD processes involve intricate mechanisms combining chemical reactions, transport phenomena, and reactor optimization to achieve efficient graphene synthesis.
What is the quantum confinement effect?
10 answers
The quantum confinement effect is a phenomenon observed in semiconductor materials, where the electronic and optical properties of the material are significantly altered due to the spatial confinement of charge carriers (electrons and holes) within dimensions that are comparable to the de Broglie wavelength of the carriers. This confinement leads to the discretization of energy levels, a departure from the continuous energy bands found in bulk materials. In practical terms, quantum confinement can manifest in various forms depending on the dimensionality of the confinement: in one dimension as quantum wells, in two dimensions as quantum wires, and in three dimensions as quantum dots (QDs). Each form of confinement restricts the motion of charge carriers in one or more dimensions, leading to distinct changes in the material's physical properties. For instance, quantum dots, which exhibit three-dimensional confinement, show size-dependent optical and electronic properties because the energy levels of the dots can be tuned by changing their size. This tunability is crucial for applications in near-field thermal radiation, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and thin-film transistors. Quantum confinement effects are not only limited to altering electronic and optical properties but also influence the thermodynamic behavior of materials. For example, specific heat can exhibit unique features under spatial confinement, indicating phase transitions at certain temperatures. Moreover, the effect plays a significant role in enhancing the performance of semiconductors by tuning defect levels through strategies like hydrogen doping in nanostructures, thereby optimizing their electronic applications. Furthermore, quantum confinement can lead to the observation of quantum confinement effects in disordered materials, such as amorphous thin-film transistors, where it affects the field-effect mobility and device characteristics. It also impacts the linewidth broadening in metal halide perovskites, suggesting that quantum confinement is not a limiting factor in achieving ultrahigh color purity in next-generation LEDs. Additionally, the effect is evident in the blue shift of energy gaps in thin films, confirming its presence through spectroscopy experiments. In summary, the quantum confinement effect is a fundamental phenomenon that significantly influences the physical properties of nanostructured materials, with wide-ranging implications for electronic, optical, and thermodynamic applications.
What is the structure of CuCo2O4?
5 answers
CuCo2O4 exhibits various structures and applications based on different synthesis methods. It can form nanosheets self-assembled into unique structures, enhancing its performance in supercapacitors. When combined with Co3O4, CuCo2O4 forms heterojunctions, improving visible light absorption and photocatalytic efficiency for antibiotic degradation. Additionally, CuCo2O4 nanoparticles wrapped in a conductive rGO aerogel network create a robust anode for Li-ion capacitors, showcasing high specific energy and power with excellent cyclability. Moreover, CuCo2O4 can be part of a core-shell structure with CoMoO4, leading to outstanding capacitance characteristics in supercapacitors. Overall, CuCo2O4 demonstrates versatile structures and functionalities across various applications, highlighting its potential in different fields.
Photocatalytic hydrogen production bandgap tio2 ?
4 answers
Photocatalytic hydrogen production using TiO2 as a catalyst is a promising approach for clean energy generation. TiO2, a widely studied photocatalyst, possesses a wide band gap of around 3.2 eV, limiting its efficiency to only ultraviolet light. Various strategies have been explored to enhance TiO2's photocatalytic activity, including band shape engineering through methods like oxygen defect introduction and Cl-doping. Additionally, the coupling of TiO2 with SrTiO3 has shown to improve charge carrier separation and enhance photocatalytic performance significantly. Furthermore, surface modifications like peroxo-titania formation through H2O2 exfoliation have been demonstrated to reduce the band gap of TiO2, leading to increased hydrogen production. These advancements highlight the ongoing efforts to optimize TiO2 for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production.