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However, anemia appears to have an independent effect, particularly in subjects with low comorbidity.
These findings indicate that anemia should be classified along with the other well-known conditions as having an important association with low estriol values.
These results, as well as the low concentrations of estrogen, suggest that insufficient estrogen is secreted to evoke surges of gonadotropins in anovulatory cycles.
Our results indicate that a low dose of estrogen is just as effective as a high dose into promoting cardiovascular function and reducing oxidative stress, thereby supporting the approach of using low dose of estrogen in clinical settings to minimize the risks associated with estrogen therapy.
Thus, estrogen therapy should be considered as one of the effective treatments for recurrent severe anemia due to hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.

Related Questions

Why do women have lower hemoglobin levels?5 answersWomen often have lower hemoglobin levels due to various factors such as menstruation, pregnancy, and iron deficiency anemia. Menstruation can lead to iron loss, contributing to lower hemoglobin levels in women. During pregnancy, the demand for iron increases, and deficiency can result in lower hemoglobin levels, affecting both maternal health and fetal birth weight. Iron deficiency, a common cause of anemia in women, is often overlooked and can lead to lower hemoglobin levels. Additionally, studies suggest a correlation between low hemoglobin levels in women and the risk of developing psychiatric disorders like depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorders. Therefore, factors like menstrual blood loss, increased iron demands during pregnancy, and iron deficiency anemia contribute to lower hemoglobin levels in women.
What are the factors that contribute to anemia in women?5 answersMultiple factors contribute to anemia in women. These factors include inadequate dietary intake and iron loss during menstruation and pregnancy. Socioeconomic variables such as poor economic and educational status, rural residence, and lower socioeconomic status are also associated with higher prevalence of anemia. Other determinants of anemia among women include younger age, higher number of children, and lower education level. Access to improved sanitation facilities, type of contraception usage, and type of diet are also significant factors. Additionally, factors like wealth index, rural/urban residence, and access to safe drinking water are associated with anemia prevalence. It is important to address these factors through interventions that focus on improving nutrition, education, and socioeconomic status of women, as well as providing access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities.
What are the causes of anemia in patients with renal failure?4 answersAnemia in patients with renal failure can be caused by multiple factors. One of the main causes is erythropoietin deficiency, which is commonly seen in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Other contributing factors include iron deficiency, inflammation, shortened erythrocyte survival, blood loss, and nutritional deficiencies. In some cases, anemia can also be caused by complications of CKD, such as secondary hyperparathyroidism. Parvovirus B19 infection can also lead to anemia in kidney transplant patients. It is important to note that while anemia is a common complication of CKD, the management of anemia in these patients is complex. Normalization of hemoglobin levels with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) may not always be beneficial and can even increase the risk of cardiovascular complications and mortality. Therefore, individualized therapy that includes treatment of underlying causes, such as iron deficiency and inflammation, is recommended.
The causes of iron deficiency in woman?5 answersIron deficiency in women can be caused by various factors such as heavy menstrual bleeding, poor dietary intake, and increased iron needs during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Other causes include poor absorption of iron, decreased iron intake due to dietary factors, and underlying diseases or infections. Women in low-income countries, particularly in Africa and Asia, are more prone to iron deficiency anemia due to differences in topographical, dietary, and cultural factors. Iron deficiency can lead to severe fatigue, reduced exercise capacity, and poor work performance. It is also associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes during pregnancy, including neurocognitive deficits in children born to iron-deficient mothers. The mainstay of treatment for iron deficiency anemia includes oral iron administration, parenteral iron administration, and blood transfusion.
Can low iron turn to anemia?4 answersIron deficiency can lead to anemia. Iron is essential for the production of red blood cells, and insufficient iron stores can result in a decrease in hemoglobin levels, leading to anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by a significant decrease in iron deposits in the body, and it can be caused by various factors such as inadequate iron intake, menstrual blood loss, and gastrointestinal bleeding. Adolescent girls are particularly at risk for iron deficiency anemia due to low iron diet and menstrual blood loss. The diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia is based on clinical risk factors and the presence of a microcytic anemia, which can be confirmed with additional iron studies. Iron replacement therapy, either oral or intravenous, is the mainstay of treatment for iron deficiency anemia.
Can low iron turn to anemia through excretion?3 answersLow iron levels can lead to anemia through excretion. Iron deficiency anemia occurs when there is a reduction in iron stores, leading to low levels of iron and the presence of microcytic hypochromic red cells. Iron is a one-way substance that remains in the body once absorbed, and the maintenance of iron balance is more dependent on absorption than elimination. In patients with iron deficiency anemia, urinary excretion of certain substances, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, metanephrine-normetanephrine, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy mandelic acid, may be affected. Treatment with intramuscular iron can lead to a decrease in abnormal urinary excretion of norepinephrine, indicating a potential link between iron deficiency and changes in catecholamine pathways. Therefore, low iron levels can contribute to the development of anemia through altered excretion of certain substances.

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