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Mineral supplements that provide physiologic doses of zinc may be used when dietary zinc is inadequate.
Zinc absorption in humans could be improved by zinc complexation with gluconate.
ZnO appears an advantageous alternative to soluble zinc salts such as zinc gluconate.
These findings suggest new uses for zinc supplementation, but they also reveal the potential risks of zinc therapy.
Mild to moderate zinc deficiency can be best detected through a positive response to supplementation trials.

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What is the involvement of nitric oxide in cancer initiation, progression and metastases ?
5 answers
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a significant role in cancer initiation, progression, and metastases. It is involved in tumor survival, proliferation, and resistance to various anti-cancer treatments, leading to increased aggressiveness of surviving cells and promoting metastatic dissemination. NO's dual behavior in carcinogenesis involves both tumoricidal and tumor-promoting effects, impacting angiogenesis, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis. Targeting nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has emerged as a promising strategy to reduce metastatic capacity and enhance the efficacy of chemo/radiotherapies in solid malignancies. Additionally, NO produced by activated endothelial NOS (eNOS) promotes tumor progression by stimulating angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and metastasis, suggesting that inhibiting eNOS activity could be a potential therapeutic approach to reduce metastasis and tumor growth.
What are the current advances in the development of targeted photodynamic therapy agents for improved cancer treatment outcomes?
5 answers
Current advances in the development of targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents aim to enhance cancer treatment outcomes by improving the selectivity and efficacy of PDT. Research has focused on linking photosensitizers to targeting agents recognized by overexpressed proteins in cancer cells. Actively targeted photosensitizer molecules are being developed to enhance cellular uptake and absorption at tumor sites, overcoming issues of non-specific distribution. Novel photosensitizers with high conversion efficiency and additional features are being explored to optimize PDT efficacy. Additionally, combining PDT with immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint blockers, has shown synergistic effects in preclinical models, indicating a promising approach for future cancer treatment. These advancements in targeted PDT agents hold potential for improving the precision and effectiveness of cancer therapy.
How do microbial communities respond to plastic and zinc as substitutes for tire abrasion?
4 answers
Microbial communities respond differently to plastic and zinc as substitutes for tire abrasion. When exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations of plastic and zinc, microbial communities showed generally unchanged diversity with zinc causing a change in community structure. In coastal sediments, pristine and aged tire wear particles (TWPs) altered bacterial community structures, affecting nitrogen metabolism, with aged TWPs being more toxic due to changes in surface characteristics. Microplastics in aquatic environments can change the structure and function of attached bacterial communities, with PET and PVC microplastics showing different effects on bacterial diversity and function, influenced by water depth. In soil-plant systems, microplastics and ZnO NPs influenced maize growth and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities, impacting plant fitness and soil microbial diversity.
Are there any studies investigating the effects of portal hypertension on the absorption rate of oral antimicrobials?
5 answers
Studies have explored the impact of portal hypertension (PH) on the absorption of oral medications, including antimicrobials. Research indicates that PH can affect the absorption rate of drugs like octreotide (OCT). In patients with liver cirrhosis and PH, factors such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2), and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) play crucial roles in limiting the intestinal absorption of drugs like OCT. Inhibiting these factors has shown promise in reducing the first-pass effects of orally administered medications and improving their bioavailability to alleviate PH-related complications. While specific studies on antimicrobials are not explicitly mentioned, the findings on OCT absorption provide insights into how PH can impact the absorption of oral medications, including antimicrobials.
Could ICD inducer, TGF-beta inhibitor and PD-1 be combined?
5 answers
Combining an ICD inducer, TGF-beta inhibitor, and PD-1 could be a promising approach in cancer treatment. TGF-beta plays a role in immunosuppression and resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors like PD-1. Inhibiting TGF-beta can enhance immune function and response to therapy. Additionally, combining a TGF-beta inhibitor with PD-1 blockade has shown significant therapeutic benefits in preclinical models. Furthermore, the combination of a PD-1 axis binding antagonist, TGF-beta inhibitor, and DNA-PK inhibitor, along with other agents, has been proposed for cancers with PD-L1 expression, indicating the potential for synergistic effects. Therefore, the combination of an ICD inducer, TGF-beta inhibitor, and PD-1 holds promise in overcoming resistance mechanisms and improving treatment outcomes in cancer therapy.
What are literature review related to the HMLV?
5 answers
The literature review on human betaherpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) highlights its taxonomy, etiological features, and association with various diseases of the nervous system, heart, and other organs. Additionally, HHV-6 has been linked to infectious mononucleosis and exanthemа subitum, especially in children under 2 years old. Furthermore, HHV-6 encephalitis can occur in both pediatric and adult patients, with immunocompromised individuals being more susceptible. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is another common herpesvirus associated with various human diseases, infecting a large percentage of the global population. HCMV can establish latent infections in immunocompromised individuals and is linked to dose-limiting toxicity with available antivirals. The review also discusses the relationship between coronaviruses and weather conditions, suggesting that cold and dry climates may contribute to more effective transmission of certain coronaviruses. Additionally, the association between Herpesviruses and chronic periodontitis is explored, indicating a potential link between CMV, EBV, HSV, and disease severity.
Jurkat cell이 IL-2R를 발현하나요?
4 answers
Yes, I am familiar with Jurkat cell IL-2R. Studies have shown that the Jurkat cell line, which is a model of T cell signaling, expresses the α-subunit of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2Rα). Activation of Jurkat cells by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) leads to an increase in CD25-positive cells, indicating IL-2Rα expression. Interestingly, IL-2 alone or in combination with other agents does not induce CD25 expression in Jurkat cells. Additionally, inhibitors targeting the JAK/STAT signaling pathway from the IL-2 receptor to CD25 have been shown to affect Jurkat cell growth and cell cycle progression. This information highlights the role of IL-2R in Jurkat cells and its significance in T cell biology and signaling pathways.
What are the potential negative effects of excessive intake of vitamin C?
5 answers
Excessive intake of vitamin C can lead to various negative effects. High doses of vitamin C may not prevent Covid-19 infection and can be harmful, with toxic effects observed for Vitamin D and zinc as well. In terms of dental health, chewable vitamin C tablets can cause acid erosion of enamel, resulting in significant tooth wear if consumed excessively. Furthermore, insufficient dietary intake of vitamin C has been linked to an increased risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, such as hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension, potentially contributing to type 2 diabetes incidence in Asian adults. Therefore, it is crucial for individuals to be aware of the potential harmful effects of excessive vitamin C intake on overall health, dental health, and metabolic health.
Is zinc plays a multiple role in cell signaling?
4 answers
Yes, zinc plays multiple roles in cell signaling, acting as a crucial element in both intracellular and extracellular signaling pathways across various biological systems. Zinc's involvement in cell signaling extends from acting as a structural component and cofactor for numerous proteins to functioning as an ionic regulator of immune responses and a signaling molecule within the central nervous system (CNS). Intracellularly, zinc influences kinase signaling pathways, notably ERK and Akt, through fluctuations in labile zinc concentrations, which are not toxic and do not activate stress-dependent signaling under certain conditions. This modulation of signaling pathways underscores zinc's role in healthy cell signaling and its potential impact on cell physiology. Furthermore, zinc has been identified as an intracellular signaling molecule, akin to calcium, influencing various cell functions by converting extracellular stimuli to intracellular signals. In the context of neurotransmission, zinc acts as a neurotransmitter, influencing the function of neurotransmitter receptors and activating specific receptors whose primary ligand is zinc itself, thereby regulating neuronal excitation. Zinc signaling also plays a pivotal role in immune responses, with its homeostasis and signaling mechanisms being essential for the regulation of inflammatory and allergic responses. Zinc signaling is not limited to human physiology; it also occurs in bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and fish, indicating its fundamental role across different organisms. The homeostatic control of cellular zinc metabolism and signaling ensures specificity in zinc's functions, avoiding interference by other metal ions. In the intestinal epithelium, zinc activates signaling pathways that are crucial for maintaining barrier function and overall intestinal health. Collectively, these roles highlight zinc's multifaceted contributions to cell signaling, impacting a wide range of physiological processes and disease states.
What is zinc excretion in kidney?
4 answers
Zinc excretion in the kidney is a complex process influenced by various physiological and pathological conditions. Studies have shown that urinary zinc levels can be elevated in several disorders, including solid tumors, hematologic malignancies, autoimmune rheumatic disorders, bacterial infections, diabetes mellitus, and nephropathy, suggesting a significant relationship between urinary zinc loss and the acute phase response. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients exhibit lower circulating zinc levels and higher urinary zinc excretion compared to individuals without CKD, indicating that zinc deficiency in CKD is not compensated by reduced renal zinc excretion. In diabetic patients, particularly those with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), an increase in urinary zinc excretion and renal zinc clearance has been observed, suggesting that insulin may play a role in inhibiting urinary zinc excretion. The influence of amino acids on zinc excretion has been demonstrated in animal studies, where infusions of cysteine significantly increased urinary zinc excretion, indicating that plasma and urine concentrations of certain amino acids are major determinants of urinary zinc excretion. Diuretic treatment, particularly with thiazides, has been shown to increase urinary zinc excretion, highlighting the impact of medication on zinc loss. In Drosophila, a model organism for studying zinc homeostasis, specific zinc transporters have been identified in the Malpighian tubules (analogous to mammalian kidneys) that play critical roles in zinc excretion and reabsorption, suggesting a highly regulated process of zinc handling in the kidney. Furthermore, the immune system's activation, as indicated by elevated urinary neopterin excretion in various disorders, has been correlated with increased urine zinc output, suggesting a protective role of zinc in renal pathology. However, patients with urolithiasis have shown lower urinary zinc excretion, indicating that zinc excretion patterns can vary significantly across different renal pathologies. Zinc deficiency has been associated with the development and progression of CKD and its complications, emphasizing the importance of zinc homeostasis in kidney health. Collectively, these studies underscore the multifaceted nature of zinc excretion in the kidney, influenced by disease states, nutritional status, hormonal regulation, and possibly genetic factors related to zinc transporters.
What is the current state of research on the role of zinc, copper, and iron in cardiovascular disease?
4 answers
Current research highlights the significant roles of zinc and copper in cardiovascular health. Zinc acts as a signaling molecule, impacting cardiovascular functions and disease pathology, emphasizing the importance of maintaining zinc homeostasis. Conversely, copper plays a regulatory role in cardiovascular health, influencing risk factors for coronary artery disease and systemic oxidative stress. Studies suggest that zinc deficiency can lead to cardiovascular impairments, while copper-zinc imbalances can affect vascular function and remodeling, potentially contributing to coronary artery disease pathogenesis. Further investigations are ongoing to understand the intricate relationships between these micronutrients and cardiovascular diseases, highlighting the need for more comprehensive research in this area.