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Politicians may feel reluctant to allow permit trading and/or may prefer that abatement is undertaken domestically due to moral concerns.
Thus, the timing of privately informed traders cannot be the source of intraday patterns.
Studies suggest that investment flows, liquidity imbalances, and institutional trading may create intraday trading patterns and opportunities for investors to time their trades to reduce transaction costs.
The results illustrate that a significant proportion of intraday patterns can be explained by strategic trading by informed and liquidity traders.
One possible explanation for intraday trading patterns is that concentration of trading arises at the start of the trading day because informed traders have private information that quickly diminishes in value as trading progresses.
However, it can result in increased costs if the possibilities to trade on the intraday market are very limited.
Political markets eventually sort out those politicians with significantly deviant policy preferences, potentially providing a solution to the last period problem and enabling politicians to make credible commitments.
Taken together, the evidence shows that in overseas listing, politicians are trading off consumption of private benefits for the pursuit of national economic and political agendas.
The evidence suggests that market transparency and market maker obligations are important determinants of intraday variation in trading costs.

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