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These effects of serotonin can be mediated through both the serotonin transporter and serotonin receptors.
The modified response, in isolated, aggressive mice, to several agents specific to serotonin receptors in the brain suggests an altered receptor availability for serotonin-like ligands.
This is largely different from selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which increase serotonin (5-HT) levels by inhibiting the serotonin transporter (SERT).
Ultimately, we propose that novel antidepressant drugs that selectively target these serotonin receptors could be developed to yield improvements over current treatments for major depressive disorders.
Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1995-CNS Drugs
160 Citations
However, it is already evident that modulation of serotonin receptors can have important therapeutic benefits and the clinical usage of selective serotonin receptor subtype agents is very likely to increase significantly in the years ahead.
Based on this multiplicity of effects and target tissues, it is not surprising that different types of receptors can selectively mediate effects of serotonin.
These data demonstrate that EEDQ in vitro and in vivo acts as an irreversible antagonist of S2 serotonin receptors and that it can be used to investigate the recovery rate of these receptors.
Our study suggests that 5-HT2A receptors internalize and return to the surface after both serotonin- and PKC-mediated processes.
At least two distinct serotonin receptor subtypes can mediate this effect.
We conclude that serotonin 5-HT2 receptors both induce and undergo several forms of desensitization.

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How to measure personality traits?
5 answers
Personality traits can be measured using various methods outlined in the research contexts provided. One approach involves utilizing psychometric questionnaires like the Phenomenological Personality Factor (PPF) questionnaire, which assesses individual traits and adaptive functioning in healthy individuals. Another method involves genetic associations with neurotransmitter systems, such as dopamine and serotonin, impacting traits like neuroticism and openness to experience. Additionally, the Eysenck dimensions of neuroticism, psychoticism, extraversion, and introversion are considered distinct personality traits, with questionnaires covering these dimensions being effective in measuring personality traits. Innovatively, brain-computer interface technology can objectively measure personality traits by analyzing electroencephalogram data and deriving potential response parameters to determine personality trait indexes accurately. Furthermore, behavior features extracted from smartphone sensing data have shown promise in predicting traits of the Five Factor Model, such as extraversion and neuroticism.
Are phytochemicals should not be considered as a replacement for medical treatments or medications?
4 answers
Phytochemicals should not be considered as a direct replacement for medical treatments or medications. While phytochemicals show promise in treating various diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular issues, challenges like toxicity to normal cells, bioavailability issues, and limited clinical evidence hinder their widespread use as standalone therapies. Research emphasizes the importance of evidence-based approaches and the need for clinical demonstration of safety and efficacy in humans before integrating phytochemicals into mainstream medical practice. Phytochemicals derived from plants offer potential as complementary or integrative therapies alongside existing treatments, highlighting their role as adjuncts rather than replacements for conventional medical interventions.
WHAT IS THE Helper NLR Model AND DOES IT DIFFER TO THE INTEGRATED DECOY MODEL?
4 answers
The Helper NLR model involves helper NLR proteins that play a crucial role in immune receptor networks by supporting the activation of sensor NLRs and aiding in defense mechanisms against pathogens. These helper NLRs, such as NRG1, interact with other proteins like EDS1 and SAG101 to form complexes that are essential for initiating immune responses. In contrast, the Integrated Decoy model focuses on NLRs containing atypical domains that act as decoys to attract pathogen effectors, triggering specific immune reactions. While both models involve NLR proteins in plant immunity, the Helper NLR model emphasizes the role of helper proteins in supporting immune responses, whereas the Integrated Decoy model highlights the decoy capacity of certain NLRs in detecting and responding to pathogen effectors.
Does anthropometric characteristics, mental toughness, experience, and knockout rate are significant of Thai boxing performance?
5 answers
Anthropometric characteristics, mental toughness, experience, and knockout rate play significant roles in Thai boxing performance. Research indicates that factors like handgrip strength, lateral dominance, and maximum striking power correlate with performance levels in Thai boxing. Additionally, a study on male Thai boxing athletes found that a plyometric training program improved muscle strength and power, enhancing physical performance. Mental toughness is crucial for controlling emotions and concentration in sports, impacting success levels. Furthermore, anthropometric factors like height, weight, and arm length influence punching abilities in boxing athletes, highlighting their importance in performance. Overall, a combination of these factors contributes to the success and performance levels of Thai boxing athletes.
Are there pituicytes in pypothlamus?
10 answers
Pituicytes are specialized glial cells located in the neurohypophysis, also known as the posterior pituitary, rather than in the hypothalamus. These cells are integral to the posterior pituitary's function, engaging in dynamic interactions with neuroendocrine terminals that release vasopressin and oxytocin. Their primary role involves regulating the release of these hormones through various mechanisms, including structural reorganization in response to physiological demands such as dehydration, lactation, and parturition. Pituicytes exhibit a close structural relationship with neurons, forming synaptic contacts that suggest a modulatory role in neurohormone output. Their morphology and activity levels can change significantly under different physiological conditions, indicating their active participation in the neuroendocrine functions of the neurohypophysis. Research has also highlighted the expression of dystrophins and the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC) in pituicytes, suggesting their involvement in cellular structural integrity and possibly in the modulation of hormone release during specific physiological states. Cultured pituicytes have shown the ability to incorporate and potentially regulate the levels of oxytocin and vasopressin, further supporting their role in hormone regulation. Interestingly, studies on the lineage of pituicytes during rodent development have revealed that they may originate from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which are capable of differentiating into various glial cell types, including pituicytes. This finding underscores the diverse potential of OPCs beyond generating myelinating oligodendrocytes. Despite their critical functions within the neurohypophysis, pituicytes do not exhibit structural or numerical modifications in certain genetic conditions affecting glial cells in other parts of the central nervous system (CNS), suggesting a distinct cellular identity and resilience. Additionally, the presence of opiate receptors on pituicytes, rather than on neurosecretory fibers, indicates their involvement in modulating hormone release in response to opiate signals. Collectively, these insights confirm that pituicytes are localized to the posterior pituitary and play a crucial role in the neuroendocrine system, distinct from the hypothalamic functions.
3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine - what 5ht na da ratio?
5 answers
The 3,3-diphenylcyclobutanamine compound is not explicitly mentioned in the provided contexts. However, related compounds with similar structures and functions are discussed. For instance, compounds like 4-amino-2,2-diarylbutyronitriles were studied for their inhibitory effects on gastrointestinal propulsive activity, with some derivatives showing equipotent activity to known agents like diphenoxylate and loperamide. Additionally, 3,3-diphenylpropylamine derivatives were disclosed, indicating the potential for similar compounds to be effective in certain applications. Furthermore, 3,4-diphenylbutanamines were highlighted for their ability to selectively inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine uptake. While the exact 5HT/NA ratio for 3,3-diphenylcyclobutanamine is not provided, insights from these related compounds suggest a potential for modulating serotonin and norepinephrine levels.
What are 3t3 cells?
5 answers
3T3 cells are a type of cell line commonly used in various research fields. These cells are embryonic mouse fibroblast cells that play a crucial role in cell biology studies due to their ability to grow in flat monolayers, making them ideal for cell culture experiments. 3T3 cells have been extensively studied in different contexts, such as investigating transformation, stress fiber formation, and serving as feeder cells for keratinocytes. Additionally, these cells are utilized in experiments related to calcium influx through various receptors, highlighting their significance in understanding cellular signaling pathways. Overall, 3T3 cells are valuable tools in biomedical research, offering insights into cell behavior, culture studies, and signaling mechanisms.
How to make plate bound antigen synnotch?
5 answers
To create plate-bound antigen synNotch receptors, a novel approach involves utilizing a switchable adaptor receptor system where receptor specificity can be post-translationally directed by covalently attaching a co-administered antibody containing a benzylguanine (BG) motif. This system incorporates the SNAPtag self-labeling enzyme, which reacts with BG-conjugated antibodies to assemble covalently-associated antigen receptors, allowing for precise antigen recognition and activation of downstream effector functions. By genetically fusing the SNAPtag enzyme to the receptor, plate-bound antigen synNotch receptors can be successfully targeted by clinically relevant BG-conjugated antibodies, demonstrating the potential for effective antigen-specific responses. This innovative strategy provides a powerful means to reprogram the targeting specificity of engineered cells, enhancing the versatility and efficacy of synthetic Notch receptor systems in therapeutic applications.
What is a recurrent spontaneurs abortion?
5 answers
Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is defined as the occurrence of three or more spontaneous abortions before 20-28 weeks of gestation, affecting around 1-5% of women of childbearing age. The causes of RSA are multifactorial, including female age, anatomical and chromosomal abnormalities, genetic factors, endocrine issues, placental anomalies, infections, lifestyle factors like smoking and alcohol consumption, psychological factors, and exposure to environmental factors such as heavy metals, pollution, and radiation. Despite intensive investigations, at least 50% of couples do not have a clear underlying pathology for RSA, making prediction and prevention challenging. Treatment options for RSA are varied and controversial, often targeting hypothetical risk factors, with no universally accepted evidence-based treatment available for most patients.
What are the specific pet imaging measures used to study brain changes following MDMA administration in animals?
5 answers
PET imaging measures utilized to investigate brain changes post-MDMA administration in animals includeglucose utilization assessment with 18F-FDG PET, serotonin transporter (SERT) occupancy evaluation with 11C-DASB PET, and temperature changes monitoring with a novel method called Biosensor Imaging of Redundant Deviation in Shifts (BIRDS) using an exogenous temperature-sensitive probe. These measures help in understanding the acute effects of MDMA, such as localized increases in glucose metabolism in emotional processing areas, global hemodynamic decreases, and the correlation between SERT occupancies and regional BOLD reductions. Additionally, PET imaging allows for the assessment of neuroplastic changes induced by MDMA self-administration, including the accumulation of the transcription factor ∆FosB in various brain regions.
What is the role of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in cardiogenic shock?
9 answers
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) play a critical role in the pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock, primarily through their involvement in inflammatory responses and immune system activation following myocardial injury. In the context of myocardial infarction (MI), DAMPs are released from cardiac cells undergoing necrosis, triggering sterile inflammation by activating the innate immune system. This process is facilitated by mitochondrial DAMPs (mDAMPs), which are particularly immunogenic due to their bacterial-like molecular patterns, leading to an exacerbated inflammatory response in the myocardium. The release of DAMPs activates pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs), setting off a cascade of inflammatory signaling pathways. The inflammatory response initiated by DAMPs, while essential for clearing cellular debris and initiating repair, can also lead to further damage. In the setting of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), which is a common occurrence in myocardial infarction and heart transplantation, DAMPs contribute to additional myocardial damage and exacerbate the inflammatory state, leading to adverse myocardial remodeling, fibrosis, and ultimately heart failure. This inflammatory response can compromise cardiac function, contributing to the development of cardiogenic shock. Moreover, DAMPs have been implicated in various pathophysiological pathways beyond the heart, indicating their role in systemic inflammation and multi-organ dysfunction, which are critical aspects of cardiogenic shock. The therapeutic potential of targeting DAMPs to mitigate inflammation and improve outcomes in cardiogenic shock is under investigation, with the aim of suppressing the harmful effects of DAMPs while promoting tissue repair and regeneration. However, despite promising experimental models, interventions targeting DAMPs have yet to make a clinical impact. In summary, DAMPs are central to the inflammatory response following myocardial injury, contributing to the pathogenesis of cardiogenic shock through exacerbation of myocardial damage, promotion of systemic inflammation, and potential multi-organ dysfunction. Targeting DAMPs therapeutically represents a potential avenue for improving outcomes in patients with cardiogenic shock.