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As most acutely infected patients seek medical attention within the first few days of illness, the ideal test should detect RNA or antigen.
This study also showed that this method can detect trace amounts of RNA.
Tests detecting antigen-specific antibodies can aid the diagnostic process and potentially detect patients earlier.
There is strong evidence that antigen detection performs as well as RNA-based assays for HCV management.
Journal ArticleDOI
Martin Scheffner, Rolf Knippers, Hans Stahl 
16 Jun 1989-Cell
122 Citations
Thus, it appears that the bound nucleotide determines whether T antigen acts as an RNA helicase or as a DNA helicase.
These findings indicate the presence of antigen in RNA extracted from the spleens of immunized mice.
The diagnostic rates of early samples are higher when either RNA or NS1 antigen detection is combined with IgM detection.
We wish to present evidence, however, that RNA is an essential component of Au antigen.
These results indicate that heat‐denatured, amplification‐boosted p24 antigen measurement can be used as a simple and inexpensive alternative to HIV RNA testing for monitoring treatment.

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Why do antibodies have two arms?
5 answers
Antibodies have two arms to facilitate their specificity in binding to antigens, enabling immune responses. This Y-shaped structure allows antibodies to recognize and bind to multiple epitopes on pathogens or other targets, enhancing their effectiveness in immune defense. The two arms of antibodies can interact with different antigens simultaneously, leading to a more robust immune response. Additionally, the two arms of antibodies play a crucial role in processes like Fab-arm exchange, where antigen-binding parts can be exchanged between antibody molecules, resulting in novel binding combinations and reassortment of antigen-binding specificities. This structural feature of antibodies contributes significantly to their ability to recognize a diverse range of antigens and pathogens, making them essential components of the immune system.
What are some useful tumor-associated antigens or targets for CAR-T development for solid tumors?
5 answers
Useful tumor-associated antigens or targets for CAR-T development in solid tumors include self-antigens like BT-001, high-mannose residues recognized by H84T BanLec, and tumor-associated glycan residues. The PrismCore platform focuses on self-antigens overexpressed in solid tumors, such as BT-001, which is linked to tumor aggressiveness. Additionally, the H84T BanLec CAR targets high-mannose residues on malignant cells and stromal cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) models, disrupting the tumor microenvironment. Strategies like dual-targeting and receptor system switches aim to enhance CAR-T specificity and minimize off-tumor toxicities in normal tissues. These approaches highlight the importance of selecting antigens that are highly expressed on tumors while sparing healthy tissues, crucial for the success of CAR-T therapy in solid tumors.
When is Exploratory factor analysis used.?
5 answers
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is utilized in various fields such as psychology, biomedicine, and online shopping behavior research. In psychological studies, EFA helps identify latent constructs underlying observed variables, making it ideal for hypothesis-based investigations. EFA is also applied in the biomedical field to extract latent factors from data, aiding in understanding diseases with unknown causes or exacerbating/suppressing factors, like in Long COVID research. Moreover, EFA is employed in developing and validating questionnaire items, as seen in the context of online shopping behavior research. Overall, EFA is a valuable statistical tool for exploring underlying structures in data, making it a versatile method used in diverse research domains.
What is the difference of mice IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a of the ELISA kit against inactivated virus vaccination?
5 answers
The ELISA kit used to measure antibody responses in mice immunized with inactivated virus vaccines showed differences in IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a levels. Specifically, the study on inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines revealed that different adjuvants induced varying immune responses, with Montanide ISA51VG and Montanide ISA720VG formulations showing significant increases in specific IgG1 and IgG2a levels compared to the control group. In another study, it was found that IgG2a antibodies played a crucial role in cross-protection against heterologous influenza virus challenge, with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides adjuvant inducing cross-reactive IgG2 antibodies that interacted with alveolar macrophages for enhanced protection. These findings highlight the importance of assessing antibody isotypes and adjuvants in vaccine development to optimize immune responses.
What is popular immunocytokine?
5 answers
A popular immunocytokine involves the fusion of antibodies with cytokines to enhance targeted cancer therapy. These immunocytokines aim to improve the therapeutic index of cytokines by utilizing antibodies as vehicles for delivering immunomodulatory agents specifically within the tumor microenvironment. Various molecular formats and cytokine payloads have been explored to develop effective immunocytokines, with the goal of increasing efficacy while minimizing off-target toxicities associated with systemic cytokine administration. For instance, a notable immunocytokine combines IL-15 and IL-15Ra fused to an antibody, effectively targeting the tumor microenvironment and activating immune cells to achieve specific tumor killing while preventing systemic immunotoxicity. Combination treatments involving immunocytokines with conventional chemotherapy or immune-stimulatory agents have shown promise in enhancing therapeutic outcomes in cancer models.
What is transcriptomics?
4 answers
Transcriptomics is a high-throughput technology that focuses on understanding RNA biology. It involves studying all RNA molecules expressed in cells or tissues to analyze gene expression patterns, identify novel transcripts, and investigate epigenetic changes within the transcriptome. Transcriptomics plays a crucial role in characterizing the transcriptome by annotating various RNA species, determining gene transcriptional structures, and quantifying differential expression levels under different conditions. This field has evolved significantly with the advent of RNA sequencing methods like RNA-Seq, enabling precise characterization of gene expression and providing insights into biological processes, human diseases, and genetic variations across species. Transcriptomics is closely linked to genomics and proteomics, forming a holistic view of gene expression and molecular mechanisms in biological systems.
Can LPS cause an increase of CD83 and CD86?
5 answers
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) can indeed lead to an increase in CD86 expression. Research has shown that LPS-stimulated dendritic cells (DCs) upregulate CD86 levels, which is regulated by ubiquitination via the MARCH1 E3 ubiquitin ligase. Additionally, in the context of atopic dermatitis (AD), it was observed that AD monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) augmented the expression of CD86 less significantly than healthy control MoDCs after anti-CD40 antibody stimulation. Therefore, both studies support the notion that LPS stimulation can result in an increase in CD86 expression. However, there is no direct evidence in the provided contexts regarding the impact of LPS on CD83 expression.
Why sometimes the crispr sistem recognize resolvase and not virus?
4 answers
The CRISPR system may sometimes recognize resolvase and not the virus due to the evolutionary dynamics between bacteria, viruses, and the CRISPR system. When bacteria have a low rate of deleting spacers, a parameter region emerges where bacteria and viruses can coexist, leading to a complex coexistence pattern. This coevolutionary process can alter the virus extinction probability and change the bacterial population structure. Additionally, viruses can employ recombination as a successful strategy to evade CRISPR recognition, especially when they possess multiple proto-spacers, supporting a recombination-mediated escape mechanism. The intricate interplay between CRISPR, bacteria, and viruses results in a dynamic relationship where the system's ability to recognize and target specific genetic material evolves over time.
What is agroinfiltration?
5 answers
Agroinfiltration is a powerful technique used in biotechnology for transient gene expression in plants. It involves the delivery of foreign genes into plant tissues using Agrobacterium, enabling rapid and targeted genome editing. Agroinfiltration has been successfully employed in various plant species like pea, lentil, and faba bean for protein expression and export. This method allows for the investigation of effector proteins from pathogens and pests by transiently expressing heterologous proteins in plant leaves. Additionally, agroinfiltration has been utilized for the production of therapeutic proteins, such as the glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor-binding domain, showcasing its potential in biopharming applications. The technique's versatility, efficiency, and ability to perform targeted gene expression make agroinfiltration a valuable tool in plant biotechnology research and protein production.
What is the Value of studying antibody-toxin complexes to inform aptamer design?
5 answers
The study of antibody-toxin complexes holds significant value in informing aptamer design, primarily due to the insights it provides into specificity, affinity, and the reduction of off-target effects, which are crucial for developing effective therapeutic agents. Antibody-toxin conjugates, such as immunotoxins, have shown promise in cancer treatments by inducing specific toxicity. However, challenges such as immune response induction, expression difficulties, and bulkiness necessitate alternative approaches like aptamers. Aptamers, often termed as chemical antibodies, offer advantages in terms of size, reproducibility, modification ease, stability, and specificity, making them potent tools for toxin detection and therapeutic applications. The development of lateral flow assays (LFAs) using aptamers for toxin detection, such as cholera toxin, demonstrates the practical application of aptamers in bioanalytical assays, offering high sensitivity and specificity with the added benefit of synthesis ease compared to traditional antibody-based strategies. This synthetic approach is further supported by the design of specific aptamer sequences for environmental biothreat detection, showcasing their high sensitivity and broad detection range. Recombinant immunotoxins have highlighted the importance of affinity in determining therapeutic efficacy and minimizing off-target toxicity, which is directly applicable to aptamer design. The study of peptide aptamers targeting specific proteins, such as the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, underlines the potential of aptamers in therapeutic treatments through high specificity and affinity. Additionally, aptamers have been identified for their utility in antibody drug development, offering rapid, sensitive, and specific tools for production monitoring and quality control. Research into the neutralization of ricin toxicity by antibodies provides insights into the mechanisms of toxin neutralization that can be leveraged in aptamer design, particularly in preventing conformational changes required for toxin internalization. Finally, the exploration of aptamers as neutralizing agents for animal toxins in vivo emphasizes their potential as effective and safer alternatives to traditional treatments, such as horse sera, for toxin neutralization. Collectively, these studies underscore the value of researching antibody-toxin complexes to inform aptamer design, offering pathways to develop more specific, efficient, and safer therapeutic and diagnostic tools.
What are the most common gene fusions in different types of sarcoma?
5 answers
The most common gene fusions in different types of sarcoma were identified through a study utilizing a custom-designed RNA sequencing panel for soft tissue sarcomas (STS). This study analyzed 92 STS samples and detected fusion transcripts in 60.2% of the samples, including novel fusions like MEG3–PLAG1, SH3BP1–NTRK1, and RPSAP52–HMGA2. Additionally, variants of ESWR1–FLI, COL1A1–PDGFB, NAB2–STAT6, and SS18–SSX were also identified in corresponding subtypes of STS. The RNA panel demonstrated high sensitivity (93.9%) and specificity (100%), leading to changes in the preliminary histology-based classification for 14.8% of patients, showcasing its potential for precise diagnosis and novel fusion detection in sarcomas.