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Formation of patches of silicate is revealed on some samples, but the graphene formed on such nonhomogenous surfaces can contain fairly large ordered multilayer graphene grains.
The hydrophobicity of graphene can be important to prevent the face mask that doesn’t get wet when you breathe with it.
Besides engineering dispersion efficiency, the findings could bear significance in designing materials with defined molecular scale, molecular coatings for orientation specific CNT assembly or lipid-based molecular masks and patterning on graphene.
Here we report detailed nano-ARPES band mappings of individual graphene grains that unambiguously show that multilayer C-face graphene exhibits multiple π-bands.
These and other properties indicate that C-face epitaxial graphene is a viable platform for graphene-based electronics.
We demonstrate that these etch masks have numerous advantages: they can be synthesized simply by heating a copper foil in air, deposited on graphene from a solution, they are inert to oxygen plasma, and can be removed from the substrate by dissolution in mild acids.
Our findings thus clearly show the existence of distinct graphene grains with different azimuthal orientations; they do not show adjacent graphene layers are rotationally disordered, as previously reported for C-face graphene.
The fabricated shadow masks not only provide low cost patterning but also essential, when chemical free lithography is required to make contacts with bio-molecules, CNTs, graphene etc.
Compared with conventional lithographic fabrication techniques, this new approach uses graphene edges as the templates or masks and offers advantage in technological simplicity and capability of creating small features below 10 nm scale.
Electron-beam induced deposition on graphene might be used to create nanometer-scale doping patterns, diffraction gratings, or etch masks in this novel electronic material.

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Can FTIR analysis be used to determine the functional groups present in diamond-like carbon thin films?
4 answers
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is indeed a valuable technique for characterizing the functional groups present in diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin films. FTIR analysis allows for the identification and characterization of chemical structures in various carbon-based materials, including DLC, by interacting with infrared radiation. Studies have shown that FTIR spectroscopy can reveal different bonding configurations within DLC films, such as sp3 and sp2 ratios, aiding in determining the functional groups present. Additionally, FTIR analysis of DLC samples has been successfully performed using specialized software packages that automate the analysis process and provide detailed parameters of the material. Therefore, FTIR analysis is a non-destructive and efficient method for determining the functional groups in diamond-like carbon thin films.
If cross link density in high wettability cant change ?
4 answers
The cross-link density in materials like polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) can significantly impact wettability. For instance, in PDMS, the addition of surfactants can enhance wettability by modifying the surface properties. Similarly, in ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), irradiation crosslinking has been shown to increase wettability. These examples demonstrate that changes in cross-link density can indeed influence wettability properties. Moreover, studies on carbon nanotubes have highlighted how plasma treatment can alter surface chemistry and wettability without damaging the material. Therefore, it is evident from these research findings that the cross-link density plays a crucial role in determining the wettability of materials and can be effectively manipulated to achieve desired surface characteristics.
What are the specific advantages of using ultra high vacuum in cluster experiment conducted at the free electron laser?
4 answers
Ultra-high vacuum (UHV) systems offer crucial advantages in cluster experiments conducted at free electron lasers. These systems provide a pristine environment by maintaining extremely low pressures below 5 × 10-10 mbar, ensuring minimal contamination. UHV technology enables the fabrication of high-quality interfaces with 2D materials, allowing for the creation of ultra-clean interfaces for in-depth studies. Additionally, UHV systems facilitate real-time detection of gas-phase catalysis performance in clusters, enabling research into catalysis mechanisms under vacuum conditions. Furthermore, UHV apparatus allows for precise control of temperature, magnetic fields, and electric fields, essential for characterizing complex materials during growth and in situ characterization. Overall, the use of UHV in cluster experiments at free electron lasers ensures high-quality, contamination-free conditions for accurate and reliable research outcomes.
What are the existing biosensors, advantages and disadvantages compared to plasmonic biosensors?
5 answers
Existing biosensors include gold nanohole array-based biosensors, plasmonic biosensors, and metaplasmonic biosensors. Gold nanohole array-based biosensors offer high sensitivity and real-time multiple analyte detection, with numerical methods enhancing their performance. Plasmonic biosensors have applications in healthcare, detecting various biomarkers and enabling healthcare monitoring, with challenges in machine learning integration. Metaplasmonic biosensors show potential for miniaturization, extreme sensitivity, and high multiplexing capabilities, but face challenges in biointerface sensitivity and selectivity for complex sample analysis. Microfluidic-integrated plasmonic biosensors enhance multiplexing opportunities for simultaneous analyte detection, contributing to ultrasensitive biomolecular analysis and point-of-care diagnostics. Each biosensor type has its advantages and limitations, with ongoing developments aiming to improve their performance and applicability in various fields.
What are the common fabrication steps used in the production of bipolar junction transistors and field effect transistors?
5 answers
The fabrication steps commonly used in the production of bipolar junction transistors and field-effect transistors involve several key processes. For bipolar junction transistors, steps include forming sacrificial layers, depositing gate dielectric layers, annealing, and creating gate electrodes. On the other hand, for field-effect transistors, the steps typically involve producing sacrificial gates and spacers, forming channel areas, and connecting electrodes to create the transistor structure. Additionally, methods for fabricating field-effect transistors may include processes like fabricating graphene thin films, transferring graphene to silicon wafers, and etching to create the transistor structure. Another innovative method involves fabricating transistors using an electric fluid direct-writing process, which includes steps like fabricating organic semiconductor thin films, creating fibers, depositing metal, and applying conductive paste for electrodes. These diverse methods showcase the varied fabrication techniques employed in producing bipolar junction transistors and field-effect transistors.
The red-shifting of 2D Raman band position of graphene is attributed to doping of graphene??
4 answers
The red-shifting of the 2D Raman band position in graphene is not solely attributed to doping. Research indicates that the Raman 2D peak position and splitting can be correlated with charge density variations in graphene, with lower charge densities resulting in larger 2D peak-splits. Additionally, the interplay between graphene and its supporting substrate, such as Cu grains, can also influence the Raman bands. For instance, (110) Cu grains exhibit anomalous shifts in the graphene 2D Raman band due to weak graphene-Cu coupling, impacting the Raman scattering processes. Therefore, while doping can play a role in the Raman characteristics of graphene, factors like charge density variations and substrate interactions also significantly contribute to the observed red-shifting of the 2D Raman band position.
What are the cost involved with uranium preparation regarding the front-end?
4 answers
The cost involved in uranium preparation for the front-end of the nuclear fuel cycle can vary based on different processes. One study discusses the estimated production cost of uranium in Ukraine, ranging from 344.32 UAH/kg to 457.08 UAH/kg, which is approximately 13.77 USD/kg to 18.28 USD/kg. Additionally, the method of supercritical fluid extraction of uranium-containing compounds from tailings is proposed as a cost-effective approach for uranium extraction, providing insights into the materials, reagents, procedures, and associated costs. These findings highlight the importance of considering cost-effective methods for uranium preparation in the front-end of the nuclear fuel cycle to ensure efficient and sustainable practices.
What is needed for protein adsorption?
4 answers
Protein adsorption requires various factors such as surface functionalities, charged polymers, and specific materials. Different methods like physical adsorption, non-covalent adsorption, and chemical covalent binding effects play crucial roles in protein adsorption processes. The addition of micro/nanoparticles to a protein solution forms a protein corona, affected by pH and electrostatic interactions. Grafted charged polymers on a porous structure enhance adsorption capacity and kinetics of proteins under different conditions, influenced by polymer length, content, and salt concentration. Charge-dependent dicarboxymethyl cellulose (DCMC) successfully adsorbs positively charged proteins like cytochrome C and lysozyme, following Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo second-order kinetics, with high adsorption capacities and reusability. These findings collectively highlight the importance of material properties, surface functionalities, and specific interactions in facilitating protein adsorption processes.
What are the surfactants for ball milling of carbon materials?
5 answers
Surfactants play a crucial role in the ball milling of carbon materials. In the research conducted by Li et al., cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide was utilized as a surfactant to enhance the exfoliation efficiency of graphene nanosheets. Additionally, Tang and Yan identified oleic acid and AEO-3 as effective surfactants for cemented carbides ball milling, surpassing stearic acid. Furthermore, Ali et al. highlighted the significance of surfactants in high-energy ball milling for the synthesis of various nanomaterials, nanograins, and nanocomposites, emphasizing the role of self-assembled structures of surfactants in controlling nanostructure formation. The study by Syugaev et al. demonstrated the modification of iron particles with polystyrene and fluorine-substituted/alkyl carbon acids through wet mechanochemical treatment, showcasing the chemisorption of surfactant molecules on the particle surface.
Can graphene oxide have antibacterial properties?
4 answers
Graphene oxide (GO) exhibits significant antibacterial properties. Various studies have explored the antibacterial activity of GO against a wide range of bacterial strains, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial effects of GO are attributed to factors such as oxidative stress induced by the material and the presence of oxygen-containing groups on its surface. Additionally, modifications like adsorption of antimicrobial peptides onto GO surfaces have been shown to enhance its bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities, making it effective not only against planktonic bacterial cells but also against bacterial cells within biofilms. Furthermore, the incorporation of GO into polymer nanocomposites has demonstrated inhibition of bacterial growth, highlighting the potential of utilizing GO-based materials for antibacterial applications.
Why is reduced graphene oxide used as a microwave absorbing materials?
5 answers
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is utilized in microwave absorbing materials due to its exceptional properties demonstrated in various studies. rGO, when combined with other materials like magnetic nanoparticles or graphene fibers, enhances the absorption capabilities of the composites. Studies have shown that rGO-based composites exhibit wideband absorption properties, high reflection loss values, and effective absorption bandwidths, making them valuable for electromagnetic protection. Additionally, rGO-based materials offer advantages such as lightweight structures, high-temperature resistance, and broad absorption bandwidths spanning from microwave to terahertz bands, making them suitable for applications in 6G communication, radar stealth, and radio astronomy. The controlled structure of rGO composites, synthesized from natural materials like bamboo and iron sand, further enhances their absorption capabilities while being environmentally friendly.