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Do macrophages target viruses?

Signal transduction

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Open access•Journal Article•DOI Vpx complementation of ‘non-macrophage tropic’ R5 viruses reveals robust entry of infectious HIV-1 cores into macrophages Petra Mlcochova, Sarah A. Watters, Greg J. Towers, Mahdad Noursadeghi, Ravindra K. Gupta - Show less +4 more 21 Mar 2014-Retrovirology 16 Citations	We conclude therefore that entry is not the limiting step and that macrophages represent clinically relevant reservoirs for ‘non-macrophage tropic’ viruses.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Differential induction of apoptosis, interferon signaling, and phagocytosis in macrophages infected with a panel of attenuated and nonattenuated poxviruses. Sandra Royo, Bruno Sainz, Enrique Hernández-Jiménez, Hugh T. Reyburn, Eduardo López-Collazo, Susana Guerra - Show less +5 more 15 May 2014-Journal of Virology 18 Citations	Taken together, these results increase our understanding of how these viruses interact with human macrophages, at the cellular and molecular levels, and suggest mechanisms that may underlie their utility as recombinant vaccine vectors.
Journal Article•DOI In infectious pancreatic necrosis virus carrier Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., post-smolts, almost all kidney macrophages ex vivo contain a low level of non-replicating virus. E S Munro, S. K. Gahlawat, Félix Acosta, A. E. Ellis - Show less +3 more 01 Jan 2006-Journal of Fish Diseases 36 Citations	This suggests that virus might be shed from infected macrophages and then reinfect other macrophages.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Differential induction of apoptosis, interferon signaling, and phagocytosis in macrophages infected with a panel of attenuated and nonattenuated poxviruses. Sandra Royo, Bruno Sainz, Enrique Hernández-Jiménez, Hugh T. Reyburn, Eduardo López-Collazo, Susana Guerra - Show less +5 more 15 May 2014-Journal of Virology 18 Citations	IMPORTANCE Our studies clearly demonstrate that there are substantial biological differences in the patterns of cellular gene expression between macrophages infected with different poxvirus strains and that these changes are due specifically to infection with the distinct viruses.

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What is the role of macrophages in vaccine response?5 answersMacrophages play a crucial role in the immune response to vaccines. Vaccination can enhance the phagocytosis and microbiocidal activity of macrophages, leading to a reduction in pathogen viability and an increase in the number of internalized pathogens. Activation of macrophages is observed after vaccination, as evidenced by the upregulation of genes associated with macrophage activation, such as interferon γ, interleukins, and macrophage numbers. Macrophages are also involved in antibody-mediated protection, as they play a dominant role in conferring protection provided by both broadly neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies. The interaction between protective antibodies and macrophages can induce inflammation and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, contributing to the antiviral response. Overall, macrophages contribute to the immune response to vaccines by enhancing pathogen clearance, promoting inflammation, and mediating antibody-mediated protection.

How do tumor cells and macrophages interact?4 answersTumor cells and macrophages interact through various mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment and can polarize into anti-tumorigenic (M1) or pro-tumorigenic (M2) phenotypes. Exosomes, which are small vesicles released by cells, play a crucial role in the communication between tumor cells and TAMs. Tumor-derived exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) can promote macrophage polarization, while exosomal ncRNAs derived from TAMs can affect tumor proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, and chemotherapy resistance. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) can recruit macrophages into the tumor microenvironment and differentiate them into TAMs, which maintain CSC stemness and create niches favorable for CSC survival. Tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles (T-EVs) can modulate the phenotypes and functions of macrophages, promoting tumor development. In glioblastoma, tumor cells release factors that recruit TAMs, which in turn create an immunosuppressive and tumor-supportive microenvironment.

How can tumor-associated macrophages be targeted with nanotechnology?5 answersTumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) can be targeted using nanotechnology. Nanoparticles have been developed for precise imaging and diagnosis of TAMs, allowing for tumor monitoring, surgical guidance, and efficacy evaluation. These nanoprobes and imaging agents include metal-based nanoprobes (iron, manganese, gold, silver), fluorine-19-based nanoprobes, radiolabeled agents, near-infrared fluorescence dyes, and ultrasonic nanobubbles. Additionally, nanocarriers have been designed to actively target TAMs and repolarize M2 TAMs into M1 TAMs, stimulating antitumor immune effects. Sonoresponsive nanoparticles have been used for antitumor sonodynamic therapy, inhibiting tumor growth and promoting the conversion of M2 TAMs into M1 TAMs in the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, advanced nanostructures can deliver TAMs-modulating agents to enhance therapeutic efficacy and serve as modulators of TAMs. Macrophages and macrophage-derived components can also be exploited as tumor-targeting delivery vehicles. Overall, nanotechnology offers promising strategies for targeting TAMs in tumor immunotherapy.

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