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These findings suggest the important significance of black tea consumption in prevention of diseases.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the effect of black tea in oral leukoplakia.
Heavy consumption of black tea thus appears to elevate circulating antioxidant potentials in vivo.
Journal ArticleDOI
265 Citations
Black tea, as well as individual theaflavins, can influence activation of transcription factors such as NFkappaB or AP-1.
Therefore, we hypothesized that 3-BrPA could induce autophagy.
Taken together, our data indicate that black tea has potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory action and this corroborates with the current trend of tea being promoted as a ‘health drink’.
It thus seems likely that black tea has an antiatherosclerotic action.
Taken together, our findings suggest that both autophagy and apoptosis signaling programs are activated during α-TEA-induced tumor cell killing.
The present observations establish the efficacy of this particular variety of black tea, both in the exudative and proliferative forms and as well in the chronic phase of inflammation.

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What cells contain PI3K? What evolutionary pressures likely encouraged the genesis of the pathway containing PI3K?
4 answers
PI3K is found in various human cell types, where it plays a crucial role in controlling processes like growth, proliferation, and survival. The evolutionary distribution of PI3K components suggests that these enzymes initially evolved in single-celled organisms and were later incorporated into intercellular communication in metazoans. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, tightly regulated through phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, is involved in regulating transcription, translation, metabolism, and more in cells. This pathway's dysregulation has been linked to various disorders, including cancer, highlighting its importance in cellular function and disease development.
What is the definition of fasting in mental health?
5 answers
Fasting in mental health refers to a period of restricted food intake that can lead to various beneficial effects on brain function and mood. Studies have shown that fasting can result in increased vigilance, improved mood, and a sense of wellbeing. Additionally, fasting has been linked to changes in neurotransmitters, quality of sleep, and synthesis of neurotrophic factors, all of which can impact mood positively. Furthermore, fasting stress has been found to influence neurometabolism, with adaptive responses in the brain to maintain energy homeostasis during food deprivation. These findings suggest that fasting can have a significant impact on mental health by influencing mood, cognition, and brain function through various neurobiological mechanisms.
How can ascorbic acid used as a detector for quercetin?
5 answers
Ascorbic acid can be utilized as a detector for quercetin through various methods. One approach involves the development of a direct spectrophotometric method for quercetin determination in the presence of ascorbic acid, where the best conditions for calibration include specific medium, wavelength, pH, temperature, and ionic strengths. Additionally, the fluorescence intensity of green-emitting fluorescence copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs) synthesized using ascorbic acid was linearly quenched in the presence of quercetin, enabling the detection of quercetin in bovine serum samples. Furthermore, electrochemical detection of quercetin can be achieved using glassy carbon electrodes modified with carbon nanotubes and Nafion, allowing for selective determination of quercetin in the presence of interfering species like ascorbic acid.
What is the scientific evidence supporting the use of apple cider vinegar as a treatment for diabetes?
5 answers
Scientific evidence from multiple studies supports the use of apple cider vinegar (ACV) as a treatment for diabetes. Studies have shown that ACV effectively reduces blood glucose levels among diabetic individuals. Additionally, ACV has been found to modulate liver complications in diabetes by regulating blood glucose and lipid profiles. Furthermore, research indicates that ACV can positively impact weight management, blood sugar levels, HbA1C, and lipid profiles in both obese and non-obese individuals. Moreover, the physicochemical properties and biological activities of artisanal ACV were found to be superior to industrial ACV, with higher levels of bioactive compounds and better inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Lastly, ACV has demonstrated effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which can cause infections in diabetic ulcers.
What are the specific obesity-related biomarkers being studied in relation to Sabah Spring Onion (Losun)?
5 answers
Sabah Spring Onion (Losun) is not specifically mentioned in the provided contexts. However, various biomarkers related to obesity have been studied in different research papers. These biomarkers include adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and genetic markers like single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes such as FTO, MC4R, ADRB2, and others. Additionally, biomarkers like high glucose levels have been associated with obesity in the Malaysian population. While the focus is on different biomarkers and genetic factors in these studies, the specific investigation of Sabah Spring Onion (Losun) in relation to obesity-related biomarkers is not covered in the provided research contexts.
Is ectoin usable in cosmetics on pregnant women ?
5 answers
Ectoin, particularly in high optical purity forms like Ectoin-160 and Ectoin-180, shows promising applications in cosmetics due to its enhanced safety, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic properties. Ectoin can help maintain the microecological balance of the skin, making it suitable for skincare products, including those for pregnant women. Additionally, compositions containing ectoin, hydroxyectoin, or their derivatives have been found effective in suppressing anti-apoptotic signals in cells involved in inflammation, potentially alleviating inflammation symptoms. Therefore, based on the research findings, ectoin can be considered safe for use in cosmetics, including on pregnant women, due to its beneficial properties and potential to support skin health during pregnancy.
How caramelization reaction occur?
5 answers
Caramelization is a nonenzymatic browning reaction that happens when sugars are exposed to high temperatures, leading to the formation of caramel-like flavors and colors. This reaction involves dehydration and self-condensation reactions of sugars, resulting in the production of volatiles like 2-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), pigments such as melanoidines, and oligosaccharides like di-d-fructose dianhydrides (DFAs). The process of caramelization can be influenced by factors like pH, water activity, redox potential, and food structure, which affect the distribution of intermediates and final products. Additionally, caramelization can lead to the formation of spirodioxanyl acetals and branched oligosaccharides, which are used as tracers for authenticating caramelization in food and food additives. Understanding the kinetics and mechanisms of caramelization through multiresponse modeling can aid in optimizing food processing and product design.
The health comparison: Herbal tea vs. Water?
4 answers
Herbal teas offer various health benefits due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties, making them popular for disease prevention and overall wellness. Studies highlight the potential of herbal teas in managing conditions like diabetes mellitus, showcasing their ability to reduce postprandial glucose levels and enhance plasma antioxidant capacity. On the other hand, water plays a crucial role in traditional herbal medicine, where the quality and properties of water used in preparing herbal mixtures can impact their effectiveness on the body, particularly in diluting blood plasma and aiding in the removal of substances like glucose. While herbal teas provide specific health benefits, water remains essential for overall hydration and bodily functions, showcasing the importance of both in maintaining health.
How does exposure to PM2.5 impact the expression of miR125b-5p in human cells?
5 answers
Exposure to PM2.5 has been shown to impact the expression of miR-125b-5p in human cells. Studies have demonstrated that PM2.5 exposure significantly downregulates miR-149-5p, which is a microRNA associated with inflammatory responses in COPD and other conditions. This downregulation of miR-149-5p is linked to the activation of inflammatory pathways such as MAPK and NF-κB signaling in response to PM2.5 exposure, leading to increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. Therefore, exposure to PM2.5 can disrupt the expression of miR-149-5p, contributing to inflammatory responses in human cells, highlighting a potential molecular mechanism underlying the impact of PM2.5 on cellular health.
How do polyphenols change during the fermentation process?
5 answers
Polyphenols undergo significant changes during the fermentation process. Studies have shown that fermentation can lead to an increase in polyphenol content, such as in A. senticosus where polyphenol content increased by 40% post-fermentation. Additionally, research on black raspberries, persimmons, and blueberries revealed varying effects on polyphenols during both vinification and acetification processes, with some polyphenols being retained or increased while others were degraded. Fermentation by lactic acid bacteria was found to impact the antioxidant activity of phenolic substances, with differences observed in mutant strains under oxidative stress conditions. Furthermore, fermented apple polyphenols showed enhanced biotransformation effects and improved antioxidant potential, indicating better bioavailability and potential health benefits. These findings collectively highlight the dynamic changes in polyphenols during fermentation processes across different fruits and microbial interactions.
What are the potential future treatments for Alzheimer's disease based on current research?
5 answers
Based on current research, potential future treatments for Alzheimer's disease include targeting beta-amyloid and tau protein, stem cell-based therapies, non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, and dietary/lifestyle interventions. Additionally, treatments like Salubrinal, Amentoflavone, Latrepirdine, and compounds like NMN, UA, and AC show promise in alleviating ER stress, pyroptosis, inducing autophagy, and promoting mitophagy. Herbal medicines and stem cell therapies are also being explored as potential treatments for AD, with stem cell transplantation studies showing promise in both preclinical and clinical approaches. Nanoparticles are being investigated for targeted drug delivery to the central nervous system, while natural compounds like alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and curcumin are showing potential therapeutic benefits against AD. Current symptomatic therapies include cholinesterase inhibitors, glutamate receptor antagonists, and natural medicines with anti-inflammatory properties.