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It could be concluded that this novel TiO2/Zn2TiO4/Ag nanocomposite could be beneficial in development of sunscreen cream with high protection.
Its shows the possibility to use this extracts as a sunscreen in pharmaceutical preparations.
To our knowledge this is the first study focused to the determination of metallic oxides in commercial sunscreen products.
The methodologies allow a precise and accurate determination of metallic oxides in UV sunscreen creams, where the sample treatment is less time-consuming than in the classic methods.

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Can chitosan control the crystal structure of calcium phosphate?
5 answers
Chitosan can indeed influence the crystal structure of calcium phosphate. Research indicates that chitosan incorporation into calcium phosphate layers can lead to changes in the physico-chemical properties and adherence strength of the composite layers. Moreover, chitosan-coated calcium phosphate films have shown the formation of porous calcium phosphate coatings with oriented crystals, indicating a controlled crystal growth process. Additionally, the bioinspired synthesis of calcium phosphate materials using chitosan and an organic matrix has demonstrated the ability to guide the mineralization process, resulting in hierarchically ordered structures with specific crystal arrangements. Furthermore, chitosan self-assembled nanostructures have been utilized as templates for biomineralization of calcium carbonate, showcasing the potential for chitosan to influence the morphology and structure of biominerals.
Why the presence of SO42-, CO32-, and PO43- ions inhibited theCr(VI) reduction severely?
5 answers
The inhibition of Cr(VI) reduction by SO42-, CO32-, and PO43- ions can be attributed to the suppression of direct electron transfer between adsorbed Cr(VI) and citric acid on the surfaces of iron oxide particles. Additionally, the decay of Fe(VI) in the presence of different buffering anions, including carbonate, phosphate, and borate, affects the reduction rate of Cr(VI). Furthermore, the reduction of Cr(VI) by human hepatic microsomes is mediated by an NADPH-dependent enzymatic system, which is inhibited by certain compounds like thallium trichloride and n-octylamine. Moreover, the cytochrome P450-dependent reduction of Cr(VI) is influenced by various factors, including oxygen, CO, and CCl4, which affect the different P450 enzymes involved in the reduction process.
Does the crystal structure of CHA resemble that of natural hydroxyapatite (HA)?
5 answers
The crystal structure of Carbonate-Substituted Hydroxyapatite (CHA) can closely resemble that of natural hydroxyapatite (HA). CHA bodies synthesized through hydrothermal treatment exhibit crystal shapes similar to natural bone mineral, with variations based on the type of phosphate solution used. Additionally, the in situ formation of recombinant humanlike collagen-hydroxyapatite (CHA) nanohybrid results in a structure quite similar to natural bone, with HA crystals nucleated on the collagen domain. Furthermore, iron-doped HA retains the characteristic apatite crystal structure even after iron substitution, showcasing the potential for tailoring material properties while maintaining crystal structure. These studies collectively suggest that CHA can mimic the crystal structure of natural HA, making it a promising biomaterial for various biomedical applications.
What are the primary chemical compounds that enable fungi to build stable carbon (MAOM) in the soil?
4 answers
Fungi utilize specific chemical compounds to build stable carbon in the soil, known as mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM). Research indicates that fungal processing of dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a crucial role in the formation and persistence of MAOM. Fungi can modify the chemical composition of DOM and secrete metabolites that influence the composition of MAOM, making it more dynamic than previously understood. Additionally, the presence of iron oxide mineral-associated proteins can be hydrolyzed by fungal enzymes, with the proteolysis occurring directly at mineral surfaces, highlighting the importance of enzyme-substrate complexes in the process. These findings underscore the significance of fungal activities and their interactions with organic matter and minerals in the creation of stable carbon pools in the soil.
How to check for a honey quality?
4 answers
To check for honey quality, various methods can be employed. One approach involves utilizing near-infrared spectral features for honey variety classification and adulteration identification. Another method includes testing honey authenticity using gas and color sensors, with successful differentiation between pure and mixed honey. Additionally, a spectral method of monitoring involves analyzing absorption spectra in the wavelength range of 200–900 nm to detect falsified honey based on energy values. Evaluating physico-chemical parameters and metal content through techniques like sensory analysis and atomic absorption spectrometry can also determine honey quality, ensuring compliance with quality regulations and assessing factors like water content, pH, and metal concentrations. These diverse approaches provide comprehensive insights into checking and ensuring the quality of honey.
How does sintering reduces total surface energy of powders?
5 answers
Sintering reduces the total surface energy of powders by facilitating energy minimization through various mechanisms. During sintering, the reduction of surface area into lower energy grain boundary area plays a crucial role in decreasing the overall surface energy. Additionally, the reduction of native oxides on the surfaces of powders by ethanol vapor assists in lowering the surface energy, promoting sintering at low temperatures. Mechanical activation of powder mixtures through high energy ball milling leads to a decrease in sintering temperature by reducing grain size and increasing strain on fine powder grains, thereby lowering the total surface energy of the powders. These processes collectively contribute to the reduction of total surface energy during sintering, enabling the formation of denser and more structurally stable materials.
What is the current costing method for selective laser melting?
5 answers
The current costing method for selective laser melting (SLM) involves analyzing the aggregated costs per part, considering pre- and post-processing steps, with the main cost drivers being build cost, machining cost, and material cost. Additive manufacturing technologies like SLM utilize computational methods to model physical processes during manufacturing, with numerical techniques simulating powder sintering under a laser beam's influence. SLM, a pinnacle of laser manufacturing, enables complex 3D object production using lasers as a heat source, showcasing the fundamental and potential applications of additive manufacturing technology. SLM typically uses expensive spherical powder, prompting research into cost reduction strategies. Innovative methods in SLM forming address issues like internal air holes and poor surface precision, enhancing part quality through optimized energy density control during the process.
What are metal complexes and titanium metal complex?
4 answers
Metal complexes are compounds involving a metal ion bonded to one or more ligands. Titanium metal complexes are specifically compounds where titanium is the central metal atom. These complexes have various applications, such as catalyst supports, production of titanium alloy materials, and as raw materials for thin film production. Titanium(IV) coordination complexes, a type of titanium metal complex, have been explored for their potential in anticancer treatments due to their low toxicity and hydrolysis into inert titanium dioxide in biological environments. Despite challenges like rapid hydrolysis, efforts to enhance stability and efficacy have led to promising derivatives with improved anticancer properties. Overall, titanium metal complexes offer a wide range of possibilities in different fields due to their unique properties and reactivity.
How to load graphene oxide in percentage to titanium dioxidde?
5 answers
To load graphene oxide onto titanium dioxide, various methods and percentages are employed based on different studies. One method involves preparing a graphene oxide suspension and adding it dropwise into a sulfuric acid solution with titanyl sulfate, as described in. The loading percentage of graphene oxide can range from 1 to 50 wt% of the acid-water mixed solution when preparing graphene-loaded visible light responding titanium dioxide. Additionally, the preparation of reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-TiO2 composites via hydrothermal treatment showed that an optimal loading of 1 wt% RGO led to improved photocatalytic properties and enhanced charge transfer between RGO and TiO2. These studies highlight the importance of the loading percentage in achieving desired properties in graphene oxide-titanium dioxide composites.
How can iron oxide be used to cause hydrogen dissasociation?
4 answers
Iron oxide can facilitate hydrogen dissociation through various mechanisms. Studies have shown that iron oxide surfaces can act as active sites for catalyzing H2 dissociation, with Fe atoms serving as catalytic sites and O atoms as binding sites. Incorporating platinum species onto iron oxide nanostructures enhances the electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reactions, with synergistic interactions between Pt and Fe2O3 impacting electrical conductivity and electron-transfer kinetics. Additionally, the kinetics of solid-state reduction reactions in hydrogen-based direct reduction processes are influenced by mass transport kinetics, oxide chemistry, and microstructure, all crucial for hydrogen dissociation. Furthermore, cryogenic-atom probe tomography studies have revealed atomic-scale characteristics during the direct reduction of iron oxide by hydrogen gas, shedding light on the evolution of iron oxide in solid and gas phases during hydrogen dissociation.
Why addition of cobalt in alloy justify?
5 answers
The addition of cobalt in alloys is justified due to its significant impact on enhancing various properties. Cobalt additions in titanium-based alloys improve primary osteoblast attachment and tissue incorporation, promoting cell proliferation and growth. In nickel-based alloys, cobalt enhances strain-hardening behavior, mechanical properties, and fracture mode, overcoming the strength-ductility trade-off. Cobalt alloys with noncytotoxic elements like chromium, silicon, and molybdenum ensure biocompatibility and cell proliferation at the implant/tissue interface. Additionally, cobalt additions in coatings with nickel and iron improve hardness and corrosion resistance. In superalloys like the 718 family, cobalt additions influence precipitation behavior, refining grains and affecting the solubility of elements in the matrix, ultimately impacting the alloy's properties.