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Estrogen receptor antagonist does not hinder estrogen protection.
We theorized that this approach might provide an opportunity to evaluate the pure androgenic component of testosterone, independent of its aromatization to estradiol, since the estrogen antagonist, clomiphene, would block estrogen-mediated effects.
This is suggested to be a result of the blocking of testicular oestradiol receptors by the estrogen antagonist, clomiphene.
The findings have confirmed earlier reports on the long-term uterotrophic effect of Clomid and have suggested that under these long-term, in-vivo conditions, Clomid acts in the uterus and pituitary gland as a long-acting oestrogen characterized by prolonged retention of oestrogen receptors in the nucleus and delayed, but otherwise effective, replenishment of the oestrogen receptors in the cytoplasm.
This first comparative study of the five teleost estradiol receptors provides bases for future investigations on differential roles that may have contributed to the conservation of multiple estrogen receptors.
Treatment with antagonist confirmed that up-regulation of these receptors is mediated by estrogen receptor.
On the other hand, the observation that Clomid stimulates uterine growth is suggestive of an oestrogenic action8,9.
These results indicate that the two estrogens act as pharmacological agonists of the membrane estrogen receptors of human spermatozoa.
We show here, using cultured pituitary cells as a model system, the possible antioestrogenic and oestrogenic effects of Clomid on LH release in vitro, and demonstrate that Clomid, like oestradiol-17β, increases the responsiveness of gonadotrophs to LHRH in vitro.
However, these effects were partially restored by treatment with antagonist suggesting that such effects are mediated by estrogen receptors.

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What are the effects of running in menopause symptoms?
5 answers
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Cancer-associated fibroblasts rewire the estrogen receptor response in luminal breast cancer, enabling estrogen independence
5 answers
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a crucial role in rewiring the estrogen receptor (ER) response in luminal breast cancer, influencing estrogen independence. CAFs consist of distinct subtypes, with CD146-negative (CD146neg) CAFs suppressing ER expression, reducing estrogen sensitivity, and promoting tamoxifen resistance, while CD146-positive (CD146pos) CAFs maintain ER expression and enhance sensitivity to tamoxifen. Additionally, CAFs respond to estrogen through the GPR30 receptor, inducing signaling pathways that impact gene expression related to cell proliferation and migration. A 5-gene CAF risk signature, including RIN2, THBS1, IL1R1, RAB31, and COL11A1, has been identified to predict prognosis and therapeutic outcomes in luminal breast cancer, highlighting the significant influence of CAF-related factors on treatment response and patient outcomes.
What has Sanguiin H-6 been found useful for?
5 answers
Sanguiin H-6, a compound found in natural sources like Rubus coreanus, has shown diverse beneficial properties. Research indicates its potential as an antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and osteoclastogenesis inhibitory agent. Moreover, Sanguiin H-6 has been linked to estrogenic activity, disrupting estrogen receptor α and coactivator interaction, which could be beneficial in breast cancer treatment. Additionally, Sanguiin H-6 has demonstrated an ability to induce apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma cells through the activation of caspases and MAPK p38 pathways. Furthermore, efforts to enhance its anticancer activity and reduce toxicity have led to the development of H6-loaded polymeric micelles, showing promising results in inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis.
What are the levels of endogenous estrogen in men and women?
5 answers
Endogenous estrogen levels vary between men and women. In men, total estradiol levels were found to increase with age. Conversely, in women, higher levels of total estradiol were associated with a higher risk of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Additionally, high endogenous estrogen levels, particularly estrone and estradiol, were linked to a more unhealthy artery wall, indicating a potential association with atherosclerosis in both sexes. Furthermore, in women undergoing in vitro fertilization, increased endogenous estrogen levels led to reductions in cholesterol levels in VLDL and LDL, along with decreased levels of Apolipoprotein B and PCSK9, suggesting a role in modulating cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism.
Is using one cigarette enough to make changes at the brain level with a consequence of addiction?
4 answers
Using one cigarette can indeed lead to changes at the brain level with potential consequences of addiction. Nicotine, the primary addictive component in cigarettes, induces neuroadaptive changes associated with addiction. Even a single exposure to nicotine can impact brain plasticity, as seen in studies where nicotine self-administration decreased plasticity-related processes in the hippocampal formation. Furthermore, cigarette smoke exposure, whether active or passive, can cause significant pathological and neurological changes in the brain, which can be mitigated by neuroactive agents like bacoside A. Nicotine addiction, particularly in women, can inhibit estrogen signaling in the brain, making it more vulnerable to ischemic damage. Therefore, even minimal exposure to cigarette smoke can initiate brain alterations that contribute to addiction and related health risks.
What are 3t3 cells?
5 answers
3T3 cells are a type of cell line commonly used in various research fields. These cells are embryonic mouse fibroblast cells that play a crucial role in cell biology studies due to their ability to grow in flat monolayers, making them ideal for cell culture experiments. 3T3 cells have been extensively studied in different contexts, such as investigating transformation, stress fiber formation, and serving as feeder cells for keratinocytes. Additionally, these cells are utilized in experiments related to calcium influx through various receptors, highlighting their significance in understanding cellular signaling pathways. Overall, 3T3 cells are valuable tools in biomedical research, offering insights into cell behavior, culture studies, and signaling mechanisms.
How does a high-fat diet affect the development of the circadian clock?
5 answers
A high-fat diet (HFD) significantly impacts the development and function of the circadian clock in various ways. Studies on mice show that HFD alters the rhythmicity of gene expression related to circadian rhythms and lipid metabolism. Specifically, HFD consumption disrupts the normal oscillations of circadian genes and metabolic pathways, leading to metabolic disturbances. In rats, short-term HFD consumption disrupts the circadian rhythms of the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), a key brain structure controlling food intake and metabolism. Additionally, feeding mice an HFD affects the circadian transcriptome and metabolism of meibomian glands, highlighting the sensitivity of these glands to lipid composition in food. Overall, these findings emphasize the detrimental effects of a high-fat diet on the circadian clock, potentially leading to metabolic disorders and obesity.
How to make plate bound antigen synnotch?
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To create plate-bound antigen synNotch receptors, a novel approach involves utilizing a switchable adaptor receptor system where receptor specificity can be post-translationally directed by covalently attaching a co-administered antibody containing a benzylguanine (BG) motif. This system incorporates the SNAPtag self-labeling enzyme, which reacts with BG-conjugated antibodies to assemble covalently-associated antigen receptors, allowing for precise antigen recognition and activation of downstream effector functions. By genetically fusing the SNAPtag enzyme to the receptor, plate-bound antigen synNotch receptors can be successfully targeted by clinically relevant BG-conjugated antibodies, demonstrating the potential for effective antigen-specific responses. This innovative strategy provides a powerful means to reprogram the targeting specificity of engineered cells, enhancing the versatility and efficacy of synthetic Notch receptor systems in therapeutic applications.
What is a recurrent spontaneurs abortion?
5 answers
Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is defined as the occurrence of three or more spontaneous abortions before 20-28 weeks of gestation, affecting around 1-5% of women of childbearing age. The causes of RSA are multifactorial, including female age, anatomical and chromosomal abnormalities, genetic factors, endocrine issues, placental anomalies, infections, lifestyle factors like smoking and alcohol consumption, psychological factors, and exposure to environmental factors such as heavy metals, pollution, and radiation. Despite intensive investigations, at least 50% of couples do not have a clear underlying pathology for RSA, making prediction and prevention challenging. Treatment options for RSA are varied and controversial, often targeting hypothetical risk factors, with no universally accepted evidence-based treatment available for most patients.
What is the role of testosterone in the proliferation of cholangiocytes?
5 answers
Testosterone plays a crucial role in the proliferation of cholangiocytes. Cholangiocytes express androgen receptors (AR) and secrete sex hormones, including testosterone, which act as autocrine trophic factors stimulating biliary growth. In conditions of liver injury, such as cholestasis, testosterone levels decline, impacting cholangiocyte growth. Studies suggest that sex hormones, particularly testosterone, modulate cholangiocyte proliferation in liver injury, influencing the progression of liver diseases. Testosterone administration increases the expression of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 (17β-HSD3) in cholangiocytes, promoting their proliferation, which can be blocked by anti-testosterone agents or AR antagonists. Understanding the role of testosterone in cholangiocyte biology provides insights for potential therapeutic strategies in managing cholangiopathies.
What is the role of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in cardiogenic shock?
9 answers
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) play a critical role in the pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock, primarily through their involvement in inflammatory responses and immune system activation following myocardial injury. In the context of myocardial infarction (MI), DAMPs are released from cardiac cells undergoing necrosis, triggering sterile inflammation by activating the innate immune system. This process is facilitated by mitochondrial DAMPs (mDAMPs), which are particularly immunogenic due to their bacterial-like molecular patterns, leading to an exacerbated inflammatory response in the myocardium. The release of DAMPs activates pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs), setting off a cascade of inflammatory signaling pathways. The inflammatory response initiated by DAMPs, while essential for clearing cellular debris and initiating repair, can also lead to further damage. In the setting of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), which is a common occurrence in myocardial infarction and heart transplantation, DAMPs contribute to additional myocardial damage and exacerbate the inflammatory state, leading to adverse myocardial remodeling, fibrosis, and ultimately heart failure. This inflammatory response can compromise cardiac function, contributing to the development of cardiogenic shock. Moreover, DAMPs have been implicated in various pathophysiological pathways beyond the heart, indicating their role in systemic inflammation and multi-organ dysfunction, which are critical aspects of cardiogenic shock. The therapeutic potential of targeting DAMPs to mitigate inflammation and improve outcomes in cardiogenic shock is under investigation, with the aim of suppressing the harmful effects of DAMPs while promoting tissue repair and regeneration. However, despite promising experimental models, interventions targeting DAMPs have yet to make a clinical impact. In summary, DAMPs are central to the inflammatory response following myocardial injury, contributing to the pathogenesis of cardiogenic shock through exacerbation of myocardial damage, promotion of systemic inflammation, and potential multi-organ dysfunction. Targeting DAMPs therapeutically represents a potential avenue for improving outcomes in patients with cardiogenic shock.