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Metabolic arguments favor the possibility that RNA genomes preceded the use of DNA as the informational macromolecule.
However, RNA, but not DNA, oligonucleotides will be useful for sequence-specific binding of (i) double helical RNA and (ii) RNA. DNA hybrids if the purine Watson-Crick strand is RNA.
Assuming an RNA world, in which RNA preceded the DNA/protein world, at some point in time DNA must have taken over the role as the information storage molecule from RNA.
Open access
01 Oct 2020
20 Citations
In addition, the candidate from Moderna is an RNA vaccine, developed using a technology that, compared with traditional vaccines methods, is faster, cheaper, and easier to scale-up.
The transition from RNA to DNA thus appears to require intermediate steps, and we suggest that the naturally occurring 2′-O-methylated RNA, with chemical properties intermediate between RNA and DNA, is a suitable candidate.
This trend was notably stronger in the context of RNA supporting the idea that dual-use codon optimization and informational multiplexing in DNA resulted from the preadaptation of the RNA duplex to resist changes to thermostability.
So, RNA/DNA ratios can be used only on prereproductive, age-synchronized cultures.
Open accessBook
01 Jan 1981
24 Citations
Considerable evidence suggests that RNA molecules evolved prior to DNA molecules and proteins, and that many processes now involving DNA and proteins were previously accomplished by RNA alone.
Either DNA-cellulose or DNA paper can be used preparatively to select intact, specific RNAs that can be used subsequently for translation in vitro as a template for reverse transcriptase, as a source of pure infectious RNA, or for any other experiment in which pure, intact RNA is required.
The RNA World Hypothesis suggests that prebiotic life revolved around RNA instead of DNA and proteins.

Related Questions

How did the first modern RNA-sequencing?4 answersThe first modern RNA-sequencing method involved sequencing RNA messages multiple times to map the boundaries of expressed sequences across the genome. Initially, short-read sequencing methods were used, where each sequenced fragment contributed around 30 nucleotides of usable sequence. However, this approach required computational assembly of the fragments to reconstruct the full-length transcripts, which was challenging due to splicing and sequencing errors. To overcome these limitations, long-read sequencing technologies were developed. For example, the Pacific Biosciences platform enabled the sequencing of full-length RNA molecules, providing a more accurate picture of the transcriptome. Another advancement in RNA sequencing was the development of third-generation sequencing (TGS) platforms, which allowed sequencing of single molecules without the need for amplification or modification steps. This opened the door for true-direct RNA sequencing, including ancient RNA (aRNA). Additionally, a method using protein nanopores on the Oxford Nanopore MinION sequencing platform enabled the direct sequencing of complete RNA virus genomes, eliminating the need for cDNA synthesis.
Can intact DNA be obtained from a mixture of DNA and RNA?5 answersIntact DNA can be obtained from a mixture of DNA and RNA. The presence of DNA contamination in RNA preparations can be a problem for certain applications, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, there are methods available to eliminate DNA from RNA preparations, such as DNase digestion. Additionally, a new method has been developed that allows for the simultaneous extraction of DNA and RNA from biomaterials, providing the choice of extracting either a DNA and RNA mixture or separated DNA and RNA. These methods demonstrate that it is possible to obtain intact DNA from a mixture of DNA and RNA.
Does Moderna have more RNA than Pfizer?7 answers
Is RNA vaccine new technology?10 answers
Who owns RNA technology?9 answers
Why are RNA shots better?10 answers

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What are the actions of ribozymes?
5 answers
Ribozymes, RNA enzymes, exhibit catalytic activity by cleaving specific RNA sequences, leading to reduced gene expression. They have shown potential in cancer therapeutics, genetic diseases, and combating viral and bacterial infections. Ribozymes like hammerhead, hairpin, hepatitis delta virus, and lead-dependent ribozymes have distinct structures and mechanisms of action. Trans-cleaving ribozymes have been utilized to target specific mRNAs for gene expression inhibition, while trans-splicing ribozymes can repair and reprogram pathogenic genes, offering a unique therapeutic approach. Ribozymes have been modified for HIV-1 therapy, demonstrating their versatility and potential as therapeutic agents in various conditions. Despite challenges in delivery and efficacy, ribozymes remain promising tools for RNA-based therapeutics.
How to extract dna from serum samples using trizol method?
5 answers
To extract DNA from serum samples using the Trizol method, the following steps can be followed: Firstly, isolate total RNA, including miRNAs, from the serum using the Trizol-based method, ensuring efficiency and stability of miRNAs in stored conditions. Next, modify the traditional Trizol-based protocol to improve the extraction efficiency for serum microRNAs, making it suitable for real-time PCR-based profiling experiments. Additionally, consider using the TRIzol™ method for RNA and DNA co-extraction, which has been shown to be fast, simple, and economical, yielding higher DNA amounts compared to the phenol-chloroform method. Lastly, utilize the TRIzol-based frozen precipitation method (TFP method) for extracting protein functional effector sncRNAs (pfeRNAs) of approximately 30–60 nucleotides from plasma samples with high yield and quality.
What is the role of scRNAseq in identifying edentulous individuals?
5 answers
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) plays a crucial role in identifying edentulous individuals by utilizing genomic databases to determine genetic variations among patients, aiding in personalized dental care recommendations. This technology enables the transcriptional profiling of individual cells, offering insights into the cellular composition of tissues like teeth. By analyzing gene expression at the single-cell level, scRNA-seq can uncover complex cellular networks and heterogeneity, particularly in conditions like autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases, where patient variability complicates understanding and treatment efficacy. Furthermore, scRNA-seq techniques like single-cell thiol-(SH)-linked alkylation of RNA for metabolic labeling sequencing (scSLAM-seq) provide a detailed understanding of transcriptional dynamics and gene-specific features at the single-cell level, enhancing our ability to differentiate between new and old RNA for thousands of genes per cell.
How does antibody produce in vivo?
4 answers
Antibodies can be produced in vivo through various methods such as in vivo RNA transfection, immunization protocols in mice, and in vivo gene transfer. These approaches involve techniques like transfecting mice with RNA transcripts complexed with lipids to stimulate antibody production, immunizing mice to obtain diversified antibody repertoires, and using in vivo gene transfer for rapid functional assays. Additionally, germinal center reactions play a crucial role in antibody production, especially for antigen-specific antibodies, with specialized protocols available for detecting specific antibody isotypes like IgE. Furthermore, advancements in nucleic acid delivery platforms, such as synthetic plasmid DNA and messenger RNA vectors, enable the body to act as a biological factory for antibody production, offering advantages like simplified expression and potential therapeutic applications.
What is the yeast two hybrid system?
4 answers
The yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system is a widely used technique for identifying protein-protein interactions (PPIs). It involves the reconstitution of a split transcription factor by bringing together interacting proteins, enabling the activation of reporter genes. By combining CRISPR technology with Y2H, researchers have developed a method to study RNA-protein interactions and the roles of noncoding RNA in gene transcription regulation. Additionally, advancements in Y2H screening platforms have incorporated next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to enhance the scale and sensitivity of the method, allowing for efficient screening of cDNA libraries and identification of protein interactors without prior knowledge of the organism's ORFs. This streamlined approach, known as Y2H-seq, offers a user-friendly and specific screening method, expanding the utility of Y2H in discovering novel protein interactions.
Does The agarose gel electrophoresis results serve as a qualitative assessment of RNA integrity?
4 answers
Agarose gel electrophoresis results can provide a qualitative assessment of RNA integrity. The gel acts as a sieve, impeding RNA migration based on mass, which is generally proportional to chain length, aiding in determining RNA integrity. Additionally, the use of commercial bleach in TAE buffer-based agarose gels before electrophoresis can quickly denature RNA secondary structures and destroy potential RNase contaminants, offering a cost-effective and rapid method to evaluate RNA quality. However, the study by Poovakka et al. highlights that certain organic solvents like phenol and trizol in RNA samples can inhibit qPCR, affecting downstream processes, emphasizing the importance of considering potential contaminants in RNA integrity assessments. Therefore, while agarose gel electrophoresis can provide valuable insights into RNA integrity, it is essential to consider potential contaminants and use complementary methods for a comprehensive assessment.
What is transcriptomics?
4 answers
Transcriptomics is a high-throughput technology that focuses on understanding RNA biology. It involves studying all RNA molecules expressed in cells or tissues to analyze gene expression patterns, identify novel transcripts, and investigate epigenetic changes within the transcriptome. Transcriptomics plays a crucial role in characterizing the transcriptome by annotating various RNA species, determining gene transcriptional structures, and quantifying differential expression levels under different conditions. This field has evolved significantly with the advent of RNA sequencing methods like RNA-Seq, enabling precise characterization of gene expression and providing insights into biological processes, human diseases, and genetic variations across species. Transcriptomics is closely linked to genomics and proteomics, forming a holistic view of gene expression and molecular mechanisms in biological systems.
Why is SOC medium used instead of LB after plasmid tarnsformation?
4 answers
SOC medium is often preferred over LB after plasmid transformation due to its ability to enhance plasmid DNA yield and bacterial density. SOC medium provides a richer nutritional environment for Escherichia coli growth and reproduction, containing components like soy peptone and yeast powder that support increased plasmid DNA production. Additionally, the use of SOC medium can overcome limitations in E. coli reproduction, leading to improved plasmid yield and bacterial density. Furthermore, studies have shown that controlled substrate delivery systems, like the EnPresso B Plasmid (EBP) culture medium, can significantly increase pDNA titers, especially for larger plasmids, compared to traditional LB medium. Therefore, the utilization of SOC medium or similar optimized media post-transformation can result in higher plasmid yields and improved production efficiency.
Why sometimes the crispr sistem recognize resolvase and not virus?
4 answers
The CRISPR system may sometimes recognize resolvase and not the virus due to the evolutionary dynamics between bacteria, viruses, and the CRISPR system. When bacteria have a low rate of deleting spacers, a parameter region emerges where bacteria and viruses can coexist, leading to a complex coexistence pattern. This coevolutionary process can alter the virus extinction probability and change the bacterial population structure. Additionally, viruses can employ recombination as a successful strategy to evade CRISPR recognition, especially when they possess multiple proto-spacers, supporting a recombination-mediated escape mechanism. The intricate interplay between CRISPR, bacteria, and viruses results in a dynamic relationship where the system's ability to recognize and target specific genetic material evolves over time.
How to isolate RNA from paddy plant samples?
5 answers
To isolate RNA from paddy plant samples, specific methods tailored to the unique characteristics of paddy soils and plant tissues are crucial. For paddy soils, a modified extraction method involving the addition of sodium dodecyl sulphate and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, along with immediate immersion of frozen soil in extraction buffer, enhances mRNA extraction efficiency. In plant tissues like rice roots, utilizing RNA extraction kits, purifying samples, and selecting stable reference genes like TATA-binding protein coding gene (TBP2) are essential for successful RNA extraction and gene expression analysis under field conditions. Additionally, for young rice tissues, a fast and convenient protocol for isolating total RNA has been described, suitable for various downstream analyses like RT-PCR and RNA-seq. These methods collectively provide insights into isolating high-quality RNA from different parts of paddy plants for molecular studies.
Why should i use recombinant DNA technology in the production of enzymes?
5 answers
Recombinant DNA technology should be utilized in enzyme production due to its ability to overcome limitations like low yields and reproducibility. This technology enables the high-level production of redesigned enzymes with improved properties tailored to specific industrial needs, enhancing performance in various sectors such as food, pharmaceuticals, and more. By cloning and expressing desired enzyme genes in host microorganisms, genetic engineering tools facilitate the production of high-yield enzymes suitable for modern food-processing conditions, leading to increased enzyme yields and reduced secondary metabolite production. Moreover, recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized enzyme production by allowing for the overproduction of industrially important microbial enzymes, contributing significantly to the enzyme market's recombinant origin.