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These results indicate that zinc from cooked beef does not have an increased bioavailability over inorganic zinc added to an egg-white protein diet.
It is concluded that the zinc content of the main protein source of the diet determines the amount of zinc absorbed to a large extent.
It is thought that zinc may play a part in this process.
It is proposed, based upon these binding data, that the association of zinc with low molecular weight components of milk is related in part to both protein content and composition and the relative zinc concentrations.
Our results demonstrate that zinc picolinate cannot be a significant naturally occurring zinc complex in human milk.
Therefore, to achieve an adequate zinc status, both cattle categories pastured in this area should have access to mineral licks.

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What are the real-world benefits and challenges for patients taking oral dissolvable formulations for medicines?
5 answers
Orally dissolvable formulations offer significant benefits to patients, including quick disintegration in the mouth, pleasant taste, and ease of administration without the need for water, enhancing patient compliance and acceptability, especially for pediatrics and geriatrics. These formulations are particularly advantageous for patients with swallowing difficulties, such as dysphagia, pediatrics, geriatrics, and those with hand tremors, ensuring rapid onset of action and improved drug bioavailability. However, challenges include the need for effective taste-masking strategies, stability concerns, and formulation complexities to ensure proper dosing, palatability, and chemical stability, especially in pediatric formulations. Overall, oral dissolvable formulations present a promising drug delivery method with benefits for various patient populations, albeit with formulation and stability challenges that need to be addressed for optimal patient outcomes.
Is CYP3A5 associated with Docetaxel gastrointestinal toxicity and adverse effect?
5 answers
CYP3A5 has been investigated in relation to docetaxel toxicity, particularly gastrointestinal effects. Studies have shown that CYP3A5*3, a loss-of-function variant, is associated with increased docetaxel exposure and adverse events, including severe diarrhea. However, a systematic review and candidate gene study did not find a significant association between CYP3A5*3 and taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy (TIPN), a common adverse effect of taxane therapy. The combined data suggests that while CYP3A5 may play a role in docetaxel toxicity, its impact on gastrointestinal toxicity specifically is not as clearly established as its association with other adverse events like neuropathy.
Which heavy metals does EDTA remove from waste water using solvent extraction?
5 answers
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is utilized for removing heavy metals from wastewater through solvent extraction. Studies show that EDTA can effectively extract metals like copper and mercury from polluted water, with varying efficiencies based on the chelating agent used and operating parameters. Additionally, EDTA-functionalized magnetic nanocomposites have been developed for the removal of heavy metals such as lead and arsenic from aqueous solutions, showcasing high removal efficiency and reusability. Furthermore, a recycling method involving the synthesis of a heavy metals capturing agent, TEPA-DTC, allows for the regeneration of EDTA during soil washing processes, effectively removing divalent heavy metals like lead, cadmium, and copper. Therefore, EDTA demonstrates a versatile capability in extracting a range of heavy metals from wastewater through various innovative approaches.
What is the permanence time of phytochemicals in the gastrointestinal tract?
4 answers
The permanence time of phytochemicals in the gastrointestinal tract varies based on their properties. Phytochemicals have low bioavailability and extended retention in the intestine due to poor absorption, impacting the gut microbiota positively. Predicting the time to achieve maximal plasma concentration (Tmax) of phytochemicals is crucial for optimizing their bio-efficacy in managing oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic diseases. Factors like lipophilicity, molecular mass, and polar surface area influence the Tmax of phytochemicals, reflecting their absorption properties. Understanding the physicochemical properties of phytochemicals aids in predicting their gastrointestinal absorption after oral administration, potentially enhancing their bioavailability and therapeutic effects. Overall, the permanence time of phytochemicals in the gastrointestinal tract is influenced by their structural characteristics and absorption mechanisms, impacting their health benefits.
How Nano-se was transform to selenoprotein?
4 answers
Nano-Se can be transformed into selenoproteins through various mechanisms. It is suggested that gut microbiota may convert nano-Se into selenite, H2Se, or Se-phosphate, leading to the synthesis of selenoproteins. Additionally, studies have shown that antiallergic selenium nanoparticles (LET-SeNPs) can undergo metabolism to seleno-amino acids, promoting the biosynthesis of selenoproteins that help suppress inflammatory responses. Furthermore, research on dairy cows indicates that nano-selenium supplementation can upregulate the mRNA expression levels of various selenoproteins in the mammary gland, highlighting the importance of the selenium source in stimulating selenoprotein gene expression. Overall, the conversion of Nano-Se into selenoproteins involves metabolic processes facilitated by gut microbiota and cellular mechanisms that promote the synthesis of these essential selenium-containing proteins.
What is the percentage of antioxidants required to boost collagen?
5 answers
The percentage of antioxidants required to boost collagen varies depending on the source and method of hydrolysis. Studies have shown that collagen hydrolysates with antioxidant properties can be obtained through enzymatic hydrolysis using different enzymes. For instance, collagen hydrolysates from cod skin exhibited good antioxidant activity with a degree of hydrolysis of 25.61% using alkali protease and papain enzymes. Additionally, commercial collagen hydrolysates from bovine, fish, and porcine sources showed high antioxidant activities, with the fish hydrolysate demonstrating protective antioxidant action on DNA. Incorporating antioxidants like Proanthocyanidin (PA) in bonding processes can enhance the shear bond strength of resin-composite to dentin, potentially extending the lifespan of restorations. Therefore, the specific percentage of antioxidants needed to boost collagen can vary based on the source and intended application.
What is the impact of sprouting on nutritional content in a controlled environment?
5 answers
Sprouting in a controlled environment positively impacts the nutritional content of seeds by reducing anti-nutritional factors and enhancing bioavailability of nutrients. Sprouting activates enzymes like phytase, which degrade phytate, improving mineral bioaccessibility. Germination decreases anti-nutritional factors and increases bioactive compounds, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity, enhancing the nutritional quality of sprouts. Light conditions during sprouting affect the growth and bioactive compounds of sprout vegetables, with different species showing varied responses to light and dark conditions. Sprouts are rich in phytonutrients, vitamins, minerals, and have reduced anti-nutritional factors, making them highly demanded for their health benefits. Overall, sprouting in controlled environments leads to improved nutrient profiles, increased bioavailability, and enhanced health benefits in sprouted foods.
How do titanium dioxide nanoparticles affect the level of prephenic acid?
5 answers
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have been shown to interact with polyphenols, affecting their bioavailability and antioxidant activity. These nanoparticles can also influence the growth of microorganisms like Chlorella vulgaris and Haematococcus pluvialis, leading to changes in the production of extracellular antioxidant compounds, including polyphenols. Furthermore, exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles can impact the central nervous system, altering dopamine levels in the brain. Additionally, these nanoparticles induce cellular toxicity in respiratory cells, affecting viability, ROS levels, and genomic DNA methylation, which can alter the expression of methylation-related genes and proteins. However, there is no direct evidence in the provided contexts regarding the specific impact of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the level of prephenic acid.
What are some examples of medications with significant differences in bioavailability when administered through IV versus oral routes?
5 answers
Levodopa, when administered as a subcutaneous infusion with ND0612, shows a 1.3-fold higher bioavailability and a 6-fold lower fluctuation index compared to oral immediate-release levodopa/carbidopa tablets. In contrast, Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) exhibit a total oral bioavailability of only 1.2% following oral administration, indicating a significant difference in bioavailability between IV and oral routes. Additionally, antimicrobials like metronidazole, levofloxacin, and fluconazole have shown a 44% median reduction in IV defined daily doses, emphasizing the importance of promoting the oral route for antimicrobial administration to enhance bioavailability and reduce IV usage. These examples highlight the substantial variations in bioavailability between IV and oral routes for different medications.
How does the sprouting process affect the nutritional content of plants?
4 answers
The sprouting process significantly impacts the nutritional content of plants by enhancing bioavailability and reducing antinutritional factors. Sprouting activates enzymes like phytase, leading to the degradation of phytate, thus improving mineral bioaccessibility. Additionally, sprouting reduces antinutritional factors like phytic acid and glucosinolates, enhancing the nutritional quality of plants. This process also increases the content of bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds, phytosterols, and amino acids, while boosting antioxidant activity and digestibility. Furthermore, sprouting can modify the nutritional quality of plants by optimizing growth conditions, enabling the synthesis of valuable macronutrients, antioxidants, microelements, and vitamins. Overall, sprouting is a valuable method for improving the nutritional profile of plants and enhancing their health benefits.
What percent of blood plasma contains lead?
5 answers
Lead concentration in blood plasma is a crucial aspect of assessing human exposure to lead. Studies have shown that lead plasma concentration is generally less than 5% of total blood lead, representing the biologically active fraction capable of crossing cell membranes. The bioavailability of lead in blood plasma has been predicted to range from 78-93%, indicating its suitability as a biomarker for lead exposure even at low levels. Methodological aspects, such as sample collection techniques and processing, significantly influence plasma lead levels, with variations observed based on different collection methods and anticoagulants used. Analytical difficulties in measuring lead levels in plasma, especially in samples with low lead concentrations, can introduce biases and confound assessments of toxicological relevance.