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Thus, immunomodulation induced by THC may be related to receptor effects as well as unrelated to such receptors.
7 These data show that THC causes vasorelaxation through activation of K+ channels and inhibition of Ca2+ channels, and this involves non‐CB1, non‐TRPV1 but G‐protein‐coupled receptors.
In addition, in the effect of the exocannabinoid THC and the endocannabinoid 2-AG, non-CB(1), probably CB(2)-like receptors are also involved.
Docking studies suggest that THC(an), although nonaromatic, has a CB(1) receptor binding affinity similar to that of natural THC.
THC could bind to FA2 and FA7 sites, as substantiated by docking simulations; nevertheless, the observed allosteric effect(s) suggests that the primary binding site of THC is the FA2 cleft that positively modulates heme affinity.
We hypothesized that release of anandamide by activation of D2 receptors was responsible for the observed augmentation of THC discrimination.
These results show that THC selectively acts at CB1 receptors to reduce neuronal activation in response to emetic stimuli in specific regions of the dorsal vagal complex.
Exogenous activation of these receptors by THC could therefore alter EC levels.
The results of our study clearly demonstrate that both proteins serve as receptors independently of ACE2 and that there is a minimal level of synergy between DC/L-SIGN and ACE2.

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What about using CBD in lung cancer?
5 answers
CBD shows promising potential in the treatment of lung cancer. Studies indicate that CBD can induce apoptosis in lung cancer cells through various mechanisms, either mediated by cannabinoid receptors or independently. Additionally, CBD has been found to activate interferons, which play a role in both pro-survival and growth arrest signaling in cancer cells, suggesting a novel mechanism for CBD's action in lung carcinoma cells. Furthermore, CBD has shown synergistic effects with cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, leading to increased IFN-γ production and enhanced cytotoxicity against lung cancer cells, highlighting its potential in combination with immunotherapy approaches. The presence of cannabinoid receptors in the tumor microenvironment also influences tumor development, with CB2 receptors playing a significant role in immune cell recruitment and response to anti-PD-1 therapy in non-small cell lung cancer models.
How using vitamin E will limit the effects of smoking on skin ?
4 answers
Vitamin E plays a crucial role in mitigating the effects of smoking on the skin. Smoking exposes the skin to oxidants and free radicals, leading to increased lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E, a potent antioxidant, scavenges free radicals, protecting biological membranes from oxidative damage. Moreover, vitamin E, when topically applied, deactivates free radicals, shielding the skin from harmful effects of pollutants, chemicals, and UV rays. In smokers, supplementation with vitamin E has been shown to reduce lipid peroxidation, even when plasma concentrations are normal, indicating a conditioned insufficiency of vitamin E in smokers. By reducing oxidative stress and protecting against free radicals, vitamin E helps counteract the detrimental impact of smoking on skin health, making it a valuable component in skincare regimes for smokers.
How Cannabigerol affect human skin?
5 answers
Cannabigerol (CBG) has shown significant effects on human skin health. Research indicates that CBG, a minor non-psychoactive cannabinoid, exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. Studies have demonstrated that CBG regulates more genes related to skin health compared to cannabidiol (CBD). In vitro experiments have shown that CBG effectively reduces oxidative stress and inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in skin cells, potentially more potently than CBD. Clinical studies have further supported CBG's efficacy, showing improvements in transepidermal water loss and reduction in redness. These findings suggest that CBG holds promise as a safe and effective ingredient for topical use, particularly in addressing skin conditions such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and irritation.
How CBD is absorbed in the gut?
5 answers
Cannabidiol (CBD) absorption in the gut is influenced by several factors, including the presence of food, the formulation of CBD, and the activity of the endocannabinoid system. Studies have shown that the bioaccessibility of CBD significantly increases when consumed with food, particularly high-fat meals, which enhance its micellarization efficiency and, consequently, its absorption through the gut wall. This is attributed to the lipase enzyme activity and the presence of bile salts, which facilitate the formation of micelles from hydrolyzed lipids, aiding in the bioaccessibility of hydrophobic molecules like CBD. Furthermore, the development of novel nanoemulsion preparations of CBD has been shown to improve its poor solubility and absorption, demonstrating a significant increase in the area under the curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax) in pharmacokinetic profiles compared to conventional CBD oil formulations. This suggests that nanoemulsion formulations can enhance CBD absorption regardless of bile secretion, which is essential for the micelle formation required for the absorption of conventional CBD oil. The endocannabinoid system also plays a crucial role in the absorption and bioavailability of CBD. Activation of cannabinoid receptors in the gut can influence gastrointestinal motility and secretion, potentially affecting the absorption of CBD. Moreover, the modulation of this system can impact the permeability of the intestinal epithelium, which is critical for the absorption of substances from the gut. In summary, CBD absorption in the gut is enhanced by the presence of food, particularly fats that stimulate bile and lipase activity, improving CBD's solubility and bioaccessibility. Nanoemulsion formulations further enhance CBD absorption by overcoming its poor solubility. Additionally, the endocannabinoid system's modulation of gut permeability and motility may also influence CBD absorption.
How CBD is absorbed in the gut review?
5 answers
Cannabidiol (CBD) absorption in the gut is influenced by several factors, including the presence of food, the formulation of the CBD product, and the physiological and molecular mechanisms of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Studies have shown that the bioaccessibility of CBD significantly increases when consumed with food, particularly high-fat meals, which enhance its micellarization and absorption through the formation of micelles from hydrolyzed lipids. This is corroborated by clinical evidence suggesting that the absolute bioavailability of orally administered CBD under fasting conditions is approximately 6%, but can increase fourfold with a high-fat meal. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the GI tract, including the presence of cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids like anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol, and enzymes for endocannabinoid metabolism, plays a crucial role in the absorption and physiological effects of CBD. CBD's interaction with the ECS can modulate GI function, potentially benefiting conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Pharmacokinetic studies have highlighted the importance of formulation in CBD's bioavailability. Nanoemulsion preparations of CBD have demonstrated improved solubility and absorption compared to conventional oil formulations, irrespective of bile secretion, which is essential for the micelle formation necessary for the absorption of lipophilic substances like CBD. This suggests that advanced formulations can overcome some of the limitations of CBD absorption in the gut. Furthermore, the ECS's involvement in GI pathology and physiology, including its role in inflammation, motility, and secretion, underscores the therapeutic potential of targeting this system with cannabinoids for GI diseases. However, the variability in individual responses and the complexity of CBD's interactions with the ECS and GI tract highlight the need for further research to optimize CBD's therapeutic use and absorption in the gut.
How CBD is passively absorbed in the gut review?
4 answers
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a lipophilic compound with therapeutic potential, but its oral bioavailability is notably low due to challenges in gastrointestinal absorption and presystemic elimination. The absorption of CBD in the gut is influenced by several factors, including the presence of food, which significantly enhances its bioaccessibility. Studies have shown that consuming CBD with a high-fat meal can increase its bioavailability fourfold, suggesting that lipid-rich environments facilitate the micellarization of CBD, thereby enhancing its absorption through the gut wall. This process is critical because CBD's hydrophobic nature limits its solubility in water, making the presence of lipids essential for its effective absorption. The role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract further elucidates the mechanism of CBD absorption. The ECS, through cannabinoid receptors located in the GI tract, modulates various physiological processes, including inflammation and gut motility, which can indirectly influence the absorption of substances like CBD. Moreover, the development of novel formulations, such as nanoemulsions, has been shown to improve the solubility and absorption of CBD, indicating that the formulation of CBD significantly impacts its bioavailability. Additionally, the interaction of CBD with the gut microbiota and the immune system suggests a complex absorption mechanism that extends beyond simple passive diffusion. CBD's potential to modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis could influence gut permeability and, consequently, its own absorption. Furthermore, the presence of CBD and other cannabinoids in maternal milk underscores the natural role of the endocannabinoid system in nutrient absorption and suggests an evolutionary aspect to the absorption mechanisms of cannabinoids. In summary, the passive absorption of CBD in the gut is a multifaceted process influenced by dietary fats, the ECS, and innovative pharmaceutical formulations. These factors collectively enhance the bioavailability of CBD, making it more effective for therapeutic use.
Is cbd more stable against bioprocesses than other cannabinoids?
10 answers
The stability of cannabidiol (CBD) compared to other cannabinoids against bioprocesses varies depending on the conditions and matrices involved. For instance, in biological specimens such as human whole blood, synthetic cannabinoids like AB-Fubinaca, AB-Pinaca, and UR-144 showed relative stability under various storage conditions, whereas XLR-11 significantly degraded, suggesting that not all cannabinoids share the same stability profile. However, this study did not directly compare CBD's stability to these synthetic cannabinoids. CBD's stability in different solvents under thermal and photochemical conditions indicates it is relatively unstable, especially when considering its conversion into psychotropic cannabinoids under certain conditions. This instability is further highlighted in pharmaceutical preparations and commercial products, where CBD degradation products were identified under various conditions. In contrast, a study focusing on CBD in solid powder form and dissolved in sunflower oil found that CBD powder was significantly more stable than CBD in oil solution, emphasizing the impact of the formulation on CBD's stability. Comparatively, the stability of THC and CBD in oral fluid on FLOQSwabs® showed similar degradation profiles under different storage conditions, suggesting that CBD and THC have comparable stability in this specific matrix. Blood and plasma cannabinoid stability studies also did not provide sufficient data to assess CBD's stability, indicating a gap in direct comparisons between CBD and other cannabinoids in these biological matrices. Research on e-cigarette liquids containing CBD demonstrated negligible formation of THC during the smoking process, suggesting that CBD is stable against thermal degradation to THC in this context. However, the debate on CBD's conversion to psychotropic THC under in vivo conditions remains, with most studies suggesting that CBD does not convert to THC in vivo, although it can degrade into psychotropic products in acidic environments. Preclinical models have shown that cannabinoids, including CBD, exhibit cytotoxic effects against cancer cells, with studies indicating that the stability and efficacy of cannabinoids can vary significantly depending on the nature of the cancer cells and test conditions. The development of highly stable and water-soluble CBD microcapsules aims to improve the bioavailability and action effect of CBD, indicating efforts to enhance CBD's stability for industrial applications. Lastly, the evaluation of CBD's skin permeability and its formulations highlighted the influence of surfactants and pH on CBD's stability, suggesting that CBD's stability can be optimized for dermatological applications. In summary, while CBD shows varying degrees of stability across different studies and conditions, direct comparisons with the stability of other cannabinoids are limited and context-dependent. The available data suggest that CBD's stability is influenced by factors such as formulation, storage conditions, and the presence of acidic catalysts, rather than being inherently more or less stable against bioprocesses compared to other cannabinoids.
What is milk exosom?
4 answers
Milk exosomes are natural nanoparticles derived from the endocytic system and are present in bovine milk. These exosomes play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication by transferring various bioactive compounds like RNAs, lipids, and proteins. They exhibit high stability in the gastrointestinal tract, resist degradation during milk processing, and can be absorbed, accumulating in tissues after oral administration. Milk exosomes have gained attention for their potential in delivering therapeutic agents, including small drug molecules and siRNA, to combat diseases like cancer. Due to their unique properties, milk exosomes are being explored as promising tools for drug delivery systems, particularly in personalized therapy. The isolation techniques, physicochemical properties, and biodistribution of milk exosomes make them attractive candidates for innovative drug delivery strategies.
What is the concentration of VEGF in EGM-2 medium from Lonza?
5 answers
The concentration of VEGF in EGM-2 medium from Lonza is not explicitly mentioned in the provided contexts. However, the contexts discuss the formulation of high-concentration anti-VEGF antibodies in aqueous pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injection. These compositions are designed to deliver a high concentration of the antibody active ingredient without significant levels of aggregation or sub-visible particulate matter. The formulations typically contain antibodies with a concentration of at least 50 mg/ml, along with sugars, buffering agents, and surfactants. While the exact concentration of VEGF in EGM-2 medium is not specified in the contexts, the information provided highlights the importance of high-concentration formulations for effective delivery of anti-VEGF antibodies.
Is phosphatidil serine useful for seizure?
5 answers
Phosphatidylserine (PS) has therapeutic potential beyond seizures. PS is beneficial for regressive brain diseases, aiding in liposome preparation and dietary therapy. PS receptors play a role in reducing inflammation, treating autoimmune diseases, enhancing tissue graft transplantation, increasing anti-tumor immunity, and inhibiting infections. Additionally, tumor-derived PS affects macrophages, reducing their ability to produce nitric oxide and lyse tumor targets. Interestingly, a parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, predominantly contains phosphatidylthreonine (PtdThr) over PS, showcasing the importance of PtdThr in parasite motility and virulence. While PS may not directly address seizures, its diverse roles in brain health, immunity, and cellular functions highlight its significance in various physiological processes.
What research fields is purified IL-1beta primarily used in?
5 answers
Purified IL-1beta is primarily used in various research fields such as cancer treatment and prevention with an inflammatory basis, understanding the fundamental role of inflammation in type 2 diabetes, particularly focusing on the contribution of IL-1beta, and in the treatment and prevention of auto-inflammatory syndromes like juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or adult rheumatoid arthritis syndrome in mammals, especially humans. IL-1beta is a crucial cytokine involved in immune cell activation, differentiation, and inflammatory responses, making it a valuable target for therapeutic interventions in conditions with inflammatory components. Its use spans across different areas of research, highlighting its significance in various disease processes and potential treatment strategies.