Does vaping cause cirrhosis?
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| Papers (6) | Insight |
|---|---|
| Most of the cases of cirrhosis were alcohol-related. | |
| Cirrhosis appears unlikely to be the cause of the above findings. | |
21 Citations | Its decrease may augment endotoxicity in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis. |
24 Feb 2020 | The reported spectrum of vaping-associated respiratory diseases allows clinical classification of cases into groups with distinct evaluation, management, and recommendations for prevention and follow-up. |
| This may play a role in the bleeding tendency of cirrhosis. | |
| This observation could be relevant to patients with cirrhosis. |
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Does mtor activation promote mitochondrial fission?
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Yes, mTOR activation promotes mitochondrial fission, as evidenced by multiple studies across different biological contexts. Research has shown that fasting or lipid availability stimulates mTORC2 activity, which in turn activates and phosphorylates NDRG1. This phosphorylation sustains mitochondrial fission and respiratory sufficiency, indicating a direct role of mTOR activation in promoting mitochondrial fission. Furthermore, in the context of acute lung injury (ALI), TREM-1 activation has been linked to mTOR signaling, which promotes DRP1 Ser616 phosphorylation, leading to excessive mitochondrial fission-mediated necroptosis of macrophages. This suggests that mTOR's role in mitochondrial fission is not limited to metabolic adaptations but extends to inflammatory responses as well.
In cancer research, the Met tyrosine kinase, which is activated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has been found to promote mitochondrial fission through the phosphorylation of Fis1, a process necessary for cancer cell movement and metastasis. This indicates a pathological role of mitochondrial fission in cancer progression, where mTOR pathways might be indirectly involved through the activation of kinases like Met. Resistance training, which induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy, has also been shown to affect mitochondrial dynamics, with mTOR inhibition leading to changes in mitochondrial fusion and fission markers, suggesting a complex role of mTOR in muscle adaptation.
In cardiac fibroblasts, mitochondrial fission has been implicated in cell activation and survival, with mTOR pathways potentially playing a role in these processes. Moreover, in neurological diseases, mTOR inhibition has been shown to alleviate excessive mitochondrial fission, suggesting a therapeutic potential of targeting mTOR in such conditions. Research in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has demonstrated that mitochondrial fission, regulated through pathways including mTOR, inhibits cancer progression and metastasis. Lastly, in glioblastoma (GBM) cells, mTOR overexpression has been linked to mitochondrial impairment and autophagy suppression, with mTOR inhibition restoring mitochondrial function and promoting fission and mitophagy. Collectively, these studies underscore the pivotal role of mTOR activation in promoting mitochondrial fission across various physiological and pathological contexts.How does anthropogenic disturbances influence Conspecific Negative Density Dependence?5 answers
Anthropogenic disturbances have a significant impact on Conspecific Negative Density Dependence (CNDD) in various animal populations. Studies show that disturbances like habitat loss and fragmentation due to human activities can lead to a decrease in animal density, affecting CNDD. Furthermore, research on soil fauna communities reveals that disturbances can alter the density-body mass relationship, with smaller animals being more impacted initially, leading to deviations from the predicted slope, which eventually converges back to the theoretical prediction with time. In large carnivore populations, anthropogenic disturbances along protected area boundaries can cause shifts in community structure, influencing CNDD dynamics. For instance, human-wildlife conflicts and human population growth near sanctuaries can lead to changes in carnivore demography and space-use, ultimately affecting CNDD within the sanctuary borders.How representations from activated long-term memory influence visual search?5 answers
Representations from activated long-term memory (LTM) can directly influence visual search processes. These representations can guide attention and impact behavior even when not actively held in working memory. Research suggests that the strength of long-term memory encoding, as measured by frontal positivity, predicts how efficiently targets can be found in visual search arrays. Additionally, the intrusion effects observed in tasks involving activated LTM indicate that repeat stimuli enhance the attentional effects of these representations. Furthermore, findings show that visual spatial attentional capture is influenced by the attentional control settings based on objects represented in episodic long-term memory. Overall, activated LTM representations play a crucial role in directing attention and influencing visual search processes, showcasing the intricate relationship between long-term memory and attentional mechanisms.What are the different factors for landslide susceptibility mapping?5 answers
Landslide susceptibility mapping involves various factors crucial for accurate predictions. Factors commonly considered include geological attributes like lithology and fault density, topographical features such as slope, elevation, aspect, and curvature, hydrological elements like river density and distance to water bodies, anthropogenic factors like road density and population density, and environmental variables such as vegetation index, rainfall, and land use/cover. Machine learning algorithms like Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Decision Tree (DT) are frequently employed for their effectiveness in integrating these diverse factors to create accurate landslide susceptibility maps. These factors collectively contribute to enhancing the precision and reliability of landslide susceptibility assessments, aiding in risk mitigation and disaster management efforts.How to assess the essential nutrient element of feed substitution in broilers?5 answers
To assess essential nutrient elements in feed substitution for broilers, various methods can be employed. Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) is a valuable tool for rapid analysis and prediction of feed ingredients, allowing for the development of calibration equations for nutrient content. Additionally, experiments evaluating the nutritional value of poultry litter ash (PLA) as a substitute for dicalcium phosphate (DP) in broiler diets have shown that complete substitution did not compromise growth or processing performance. Furthermore, supplementing broiler diets with encapsulated blends of Essential Oils (EOS) and Enzymes (ES) has been found to improve nutrient utilization, gut microflora, and performance, especially during the starter phase. Moreover, dietary supplements like phytase, probiotics, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and fumaric acid have been shown to mitigate the negative effects of phosphorus reduction on growth performance, health, and bone quality in broilers.What are different deep learning techniques used for iot device identification till now?5 answers
Various deep learning techniques have been employed for IoT device identification. One approach involves using device fingerprinting and deep learning models like convolutional neural networks (CNN) and CNN + LSTM. Another method utilizes directional packet length sequences in network flows along with a deep CNN for device identification, achieving high accuracy and effectiveness. Additionally, deep learning algorithms have shown promise in identifying and classifying network attack patterns in IoT devices, highlighting their potential in enhancing security frameworks. Furthermore, a study focused on identifying devices in the Aalto dataset using CNN, emphasizing the importance of IoT device identification in mitigating security vulnerabilities.How does Fe2 become Fe3 when sulfide nano zero valent iron reduces and degrades pollutants?10 answers
The transformation of Fe^2+ to Fe^3+ during the reduction and degradation of pollutants by sulfide nano zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) is a multifaceted process that involves several mechanisms. Initially, the presence of sulfur in S-nZVI enhances the electron transfer capabilities from the zero-valent iron core to the pollutants, facilitating their reduction. This electron transfer is crucial for the degradation of pollutants, as it initiates the redox reactions necessary for their breakdown.
As the S-nZVI reacts with pollutants, the zero-valent iron (Fe^0) core corrodes, releasing Fe^2+ ions into the solution. This corrosion process is an integral part of the pollutant degradation mechanism, as it supplies the electrons needed for the reduction reactions. The released Fe^2+ can further react with the pollutants, contributing to their degradation.
The sulfidation process, which involves the coating or incorporation of sulfur onto or into the zero-valent iron, not only promotes the initial electron transfer but also influences the subsequent oxidation of Fe^2+ to Fe^3+. This oxidation can occur through various pathways, including the reaction with oxygen present in water or the environment, or through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the degradation process. The ROS, which are highly reactive, can oxidize Fe^2+ to Fe^3+, thereby facilitating the formation of iron hydroxides or other iron (III) species.
Moreover, the sulfur in S-nZVI can play a role in stabilizing the Fe^3+ species formed, potentially by forming complexes or by contributing to the formation of iron sulfide phases that incorporate Fe^3+. These iron sulfide phases can further enhance the pollutant degradation process by providing additional sites for catalytic reactions or by participating in the redox cycling of iron, thus sustaining the reactivity of the S-nZVI material over time.
In summary, the transformation of Fe^2+ to Fe^3+ in the context of pollutant degradation by S-nZVI is a complex process that involves the initial electron transfer facilitated by sulfur, the corrosion of the zero-valent iron core, and the subsequent oxidation of Fe^2+ through reactions with oxygen, ROS, or within the iron sulfide matrix itself.How artificial intelligence influence development on contemporary ideological geopolitics warfare?8 answers
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping the landscape of contemporary ideological geopolitics and warfare, influencing power dynamics, military capabilities, and the global balance of power. The rapid development of AI technologies has become a pivotal instrument of power, with significant implications for both hard power, such as military applications, and soft power, including economic impact and political influence. The United States and China, in particular, have emerged as dominant forces in the AI arena, thereby influencing global geopolitics through their technological prowess and strategic deployments of AI capabilities. This technological race has not only heightened the rivalry between these superpowers but has also led to a realist interpretation of their competition, affecting international policy and governance of AI.
AI's influence extends to the military domain, where its capabilities are expected to transform warfare and strategic competition. The integration of AI into military systems suggests a deterministic shift towards more autonomous forms of warfare, potentially altering the nature of military power and strategic calculations. This shift is further complicated by the geopolitical implications of AI-enabled weapons technologies, which are reshaping security policies and the conceptualization of future battlefields.
Moreover, AI's role in ideological geopolitics is not limited to state actors. Non-state actors and alliances, such as NATO, are also adapting to the challenges and opportunities presented by AI, developing strategies to maintain a competitive advantage in an increasingly uncertain security environment. The governance and ethical considerations surrounding AI, including issues of patent eligibility and the impact on social order, highlight the complex interplay between technological innovation and legal frameworks.
In essence, AI is accelerating existing trends in geopolitics and warfare, exacerbating power imbalances, and necessitating a reevaluation of traditional geopolitical strategies and alliances. Its pervasive influence underscores the need for comprehensive international dialogue and cooperation to navigate the challenges and harness the opportunities presented by this transformative technology.Does water oxidize to hydroxide radicals?5 answers
Yes, water can oxidize to hydroxyl radicals (OH•) under certain conditions. Research has shown that water microdroplets at the air-water interface can contain OH•, which can recombine into H2O2 or interact with other molecules. Additionally, interactions between secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and liquid water can lead to the formation of OH radicals, particularly through the decomposition of organic hydroperoxides, with increased OH yields in the presence of Fe2+ ions. However, it has been clarified that water does not catalyze the reaction of OH radicals with alcohols, resolving previous disagreements on the matter. Therefore, while water can generate hydroxyl radicals under specific circumstances, it does not act as a catalyst for the reaction of OH radicals with alcohols.What is the biogenesis of Extracellular vesicles?10 answers
The biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) involves complex cellular processes that result in the formation and release of these lipid bilayer-enclosed subcellular bodies into the extracellular space. EVs are produced by most, if not all, cells and play crucial roles in intercellular communication and the horizontal transfer of biological material, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other bioactive molecules. They are classified into three main types based on their size, biogenesis, and cargo: exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic bodies.
Exosomes are the smallest type of EVs, originating from endosomal membranes. Their formation involves the inward budding of endosomal membranes to create multivesicular bodies (MVBs), which then fuse with the plasma membrane to release exosomes into the extracellular space. Microvesicles, or microparticles, are larger than exosomes and are formed through the outward budding and fission of the plasma membrane. Apoptotic bodies, the largest type of EVs, are released from cells undergoing apoptosis and contain a variety of cellular components.
The release of EVs is a regulated process influenced by various external and biological stimuli, including circadian rhythms. The regulation of EV biogenesis and secretion is still not fully understood, but it is known to involve a variety of molecular mechanisms and pathways, including the assembly of local microdomains in endocytic membranes for exosomes and in the plasma membrane for ectosomes. Recent studies have also highlighted the role of alcohol in promoting exosome biogenesis and release from hepatocytes through the modulation of specific genes.
Understanding the biogenesis of EVs is crucial for exploring their potential in clinical applications, such as drug delivery and diagnostics, as well as their role in physiological and pathological processes. Despite the progress made, much remains to be discovered about the specific mechanisms governing EV formation, cargo sorting, and secretion.What is EF2 kinase in cancer?4 answers
Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K) plays a crucial role in cancer by regulating protein synthesis, cell survival, and response to DNA damage induced by agents like cisplatin. Studies have shown that eEF2K is overexpressed in various cancers, including breast cancer, where its activity correlates with poor patient outcomes. Inhibiting eEF2K has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy, with research focusing on developing novel inhibitors to target this kinase in cancer treatment. Various compounds, including pyrano[3,4-b] indole derivatives and coumarin-chalcone core compounds, have shown promising inhibitory effects on eEF2K in cancer cells, highlighting the potential for eEF2K-targeted therapies in cancer treatment.