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The results of our study show that biomass is used throughout the energy system.
Thus, this study shows the importance of biomass energy for sustainable development.
Results suggest that biomass energy technologies must be encouraged, promoted, implemented, and fully demonstrated in Sudan.
This study provides a useful reference for energy carriers from the pyrolysis of biomass.
It is therefore not “a given” that biomass for energy can become available at a large-scale.
The obtained results are particularly interesting for biomass energy applications.
These findings will facilitate efforts to improve the feasibility of biomass-to-energy conversion.
Hence, this paper may introduce a new and more rational way of dealing with energy biomass.

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Why arent relative areas in hplc uv showiung trends?
5 answers
The relative areas in HPLC UV analysis may not show trends due to various factors affecting surface UVB radiation measurements. These factors include changing cloud, aerosol, and snow conditions, in addition to ozone trends, which contribute to surface radiation variability. Furthermore, discrepancies in the OMI surface UV algorithm, assuming a constant atmospheric profile between noon and satellite overpass times, may impact the accuracy of peak UV frequency estimations. The OMI data also exhibit biases related to spatial and temporal data collocation, solar zenith angle effects, and cloud presence, leading to underestimations and overestimations of erythemal dose rates. These complexities in measuring and analyzing UV radiation levels can influence the trends observed in HPLC UV analysis.
What is the particularity of european context considering building stock age anad energy consumption ?
5 answers
The European context regarding building stock age and energy consumption is characterized by a unique set of challenges and opportunities for energy efficiency and decarbonization. Approximately 40% of Europe's final energy consumption and a significant portion of CO2 emissions are attributed to the operation of buildings, highlighting the critical role of the building sector in achieving energy and climate targets. The European building stock is notably energy-intensive and insecure, with a substantial need for interventions to address both performance deficiencies and unsustainable energy waste. A significant particularity of the European context is the age of its building stock. Many European cities have a considerable share of pre-WWII residential buildings, which represent a high potential for energy savings through renovation due to their current poor energy performance. This is compounded by the fact that demolishing and constructing new buildings is often difficult due to heritage, economic, and density considerations. The European Union has set ambitious targets for reducing CO2 emissions, which include a combination of energy efficiency improvements and the use of renewable energy sources within the building sector. Achieving climate neutrality by the middle of the century is a key goal, with a focus on transitioning to energy- and environmentally-efficient decarbonized energy supply systems. However, the realization of massive renovation programs to improve energy efficiency in the existing housing stock has been challenging, hindered by economic constraints and the difficulty in achieving actual energy savings. To address these challenges, there is an ongoing effort to improve the knowledge on the composition of the existing building stock, integrating considerations for structural safety, energy efficiency, and architectural quality. Innovative methodologies, such as building stock modeling (BSM) and the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), are being developed to support effective energy renovation planning and the implementation of sustainable urban planning policies. These efforts are crucial for meeting the EU's energy efficiency and decarbonization targets, despite the particular challenges posed by the age and energy consumption characteristics of the European building stock.
What method is suitable to combine two existing models in the social science field into one?
5 answers
Combining two existing models in the social science field into one can be effectively achieved through a method that involves model comparison of ensemble methods like boosting and bagging. This approach allows for the creation of an improved explanatory model by evaluating and merging the strengths of each individual model. Additionally, a method that starts with a complex model and then simplifies it into more manageable models can also be beneficial in achieving a balance between rigour and relevance in social science modeling. Furthermore, the nonparametric framework, along with combined testing techniques, can be valuable for comparing means, medians, variability, and addressing general two-sample problems in social science research. These methods collectively offer a structured and systematic way to integrate and refine existing models in the social sciences.
What is voluntary response sampling?
4 answers
Voluntary response sampling is a sampling method where individuals self-select to participate in a survey or study. This method relies on volunteers from the target population, allowing them to decide whether to participate. Research shows that voluntary recruitment can lead to significant non-response bias, especially in studies involving sensitive topics like substance abuse or sexual behavior. In contrast, respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is a method specifically designed for hidden populations, such as transgender women or female sex workers, where participants are recruited through their social networks. Additionally, voluntary disclosure in financial reporting negatively affects the Earnings Response Coefficient (ERC), indicating that limited voluntary disclosure may signal negatively to financial statement users.
How to measure sediment?
4 answers
Sediment measurement can be achieved through various methods outlined in the provided research contexts. One approach involves using turbidimeters to indirectly measure suspended sediment concentration (SSC) by calibrating them with water samples collected during rainfall events, which are found to be more representative compared to fixed interval sampling. Another method utilizes a sediment monitoring system with optical sensors and an automatic water sampler to quantify sediment concentration in water, correlating turbidity values with SSC for online monitoring. Additionally, a novel micro-electro-mechanical system has been developed to record sediment motion at incipient levels, offering insights into coastal sediment dynamics under different hydrodynamic conditions. Furthermore, remote measurements using ADCP can determine suspended sediment concentration by analyzing the attenuation to backscatter ratio, providing a cost-effective alternative to field sampling in rivers and water courses.
What is the results of students in quarter 2 in science 10?
4 answers
Students in the second quarter of grade 10 science courses showed better performance compared to those in the first quarter, challenging the common perception that knowledge retention is less of a concern in semester systems. Additionally, students in classrooms where teachers closely followed the ideal learning cycle had more positive attitudes towards science compared to those in classrooms where the model was deviated from, with more females in high paradigmatic classrooms planning to continue taking science courses. However, a study on the impact of changing from quarters to semesters at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities revealed a small but significant overall decrease in student performance after the switch, as judged by mean final scores and grade distributions.
How do renewable energy certificates impact the adoption and development of renewable energy technologies?
5 answers
Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) play a significant role in influencing the adoption and development of renewable energy technologies. Companies often purchase RECs to report reduced emissions, but this may not always lead to actual emission reductions. The use of RECs by companies with science-based targets has inflated the effectiveness of mitigation efforts, potentially hindering real-world emission reductions and alignment with climate goals. Additionally, blockchain technology is being explored to enhance the traceability and transparency of REC transactions, despite existing barriers like legal and market development challenges. Different renewable energy market mechanisms, including various types of RECs like International Renewable Energy Certificates (I-REC) and Guarantees of Origin (GO), are being compared across different regions to stimulate the renewable energy industry's growth and future development.
What are the main challenges in energy managing for complex Hybrid Renewable Energy System??
4 answers
The main challenges in energy management for complex Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) include the intermittent nature of renewable sources like solar and wind, uncertain loading, grid outages, and the complexity arising from integrating multiple energy sources with different output characteristics.This complexity poses a significant threat to system stability in AC/DC hybrid microgrids (HMG), necessitating the development of efficient control and management strategies. Research on stability, management, and control of HMGs is rapidly increasing to address these challenges, emphasizing the need to recognize existing problems and emerging trends in the field.Proper energy management strategies (EMS) are crucial to ensure the optimal utilization of renewable sources and cost-effective meeting of energy demand in HRES, especially when connected to an unreliable grid.
How can integrated energy management systems improve the efficiency of power distribution in an electrical energy grid?
5 answers
Integrated energy management systems can significantly enhance power distribution efficiency in electrical grids by leveraging technologies like machine learning, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things. These systems enable real-time monitoring and control of energy flow, optimizing the balance between energy generation and consumption. By incorporating machine learning algorithms, these systems can forecast energy production and consumption, allowing for proactive load scheduling and grid management. Additionally, the integration of renewable energy sources like solar and wind power, along with smart grid technologies, facilitates bidirectional power flow and efficient energy sharing among consumers and producers. This holistic approach not only reduces energy transmission costs but also promotes local consumption of renewable energy, ultimately enhancing the overall efficiency of power distribution in electrical grids.
What is the impact of torrefaction temperature on the ash content of biomass?
5 answers
The impact of torrefaction temperature on the ash content of biomass varies depending on the specific type of biomass being studied. Higher torrefaction temperatures generally lead to an increase in ash content. However, the effect of torrefaction on ash content can also be influenced by other factors such as residence time and the type of biomass. For example, torrefaction of sunflower husks at specific temperatures can reduce the likelihood of ash deposits on heating surfaces by significant factors. Additionally, torrefaction treatment of agricultural residues like waste from maize grains and wheat can positively affect the properties of the fuels, leading to changes in ash content. Overall, torrefaction temperature plays a crucial role in altering the ash content of biomass during the pre-treatment process.
Downside of bio-based oil compared to fosil fuel
5 answers
Bio-based oils, such as biodiesel, present several downsides compared to fossil fuels. These downsides include higher viscosity, lower energy content, increased nitrogen oxide emissions, reduced engine speed and power, injector coking, engine wear, and higher price. Additionally, biofuels face challenges like limited feedstock availability, higher production costs, inferior oxidative and storage stability, and lower volumetric energy content. Studies comparing biodiesel to diesel fuel have shown that while biodiesel can reduce certain emissions like carbon monoxide and particulate matter, it can also lead to increased nitrogen oxides and aldehydes emissions, resulting in stronger cytotoxicity and irritant effects in exhaust. Despite these drawbacks, ongoing research aims to address these issues and improve the overall efficiency and environmental impact of bio-based oils as alternatives to fossil fuels.