How do I become a sperm bank?
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| The implementation of scientific and technological advances could benefit the simultaneous examination of sperm phenotype and sperm function, demonstrating that sperm morphometry could be a useful tool for sperm assessment. | |
| These data demonstrate the variability of donor semen quality provided by commercial sperm banks, both between banks and within a given bank. | |
84 Citations | These results illustrate an urgent need for education and training initiatives to encourage laboratories to become compliant with current WHO guidelines for sperm morphology assessment. |
| According to our results, we are able to develop both methodologies in the creation of the Guirra sperm bank. |
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Issues with reversibility and effectiveness of male contraception
4 answers
Male contraception faces challenges regarding reversibility and effectiveness. Current options like condoms and vasectomy have limitations. Hormonal methods, utilizing androgens and progestins, show promise but come with side effects like weight gain and mood changes. Nonhormonal methods are also being explored, but concerns exist regarding their effectiveness and reversibility. Research is ongoing to develop novel male contraceptives that are both effective and reversible, addressing the global need for more options in family planning. Despite the desire for expanded male contraceptive choices, barriers such as lack of investment and concerns about side effects hinder progress in this field. Efforts are being made to enhance male participation in family planning and reduce unintended pregnancies globally.What are the Issues with reversibility and effectiveness of male contraception?5 answers
The issues with reversibility and effectiveness of male contraception stem from the limited options available, such as condoms and vasectomy, which have high failure rates and irreversible aspects. Hormonal methods, like androgen plus progestin formulations, show promise but come with concerns about side effects like weight gain, acne, and changes in libido. Non-hormonal methods, including vaso-occlusive approaches, are being explored but face challenges in establishing reliable reversibility and long-term safety. Additionally, the lack of investment from pharmaceutical companies, worries about side effects and spermatogenic rebound, and uncertainties about the effectiveness of non-hormonal methods hinder the development of male contraceptives. These factors collectively impact the advancement of male contraception options, highlighting the need for further research and development in this crucial area of reproductive health.What are the current Non-Hormonal male contraception?10 answers
Current non-hormonal male contraception research is focused on innovative strategies targeting various aspects of sperm function and production, aiming to provide reversible and effective methods of contraception. Despite the historical reliance on condoms and vasectomy for male contraception, there is a growing interest in developing alternatives that can offer temporary fertility control without the permanent effects of surgical options or the lower efficacy of barrier methods.
Recent advancements have identified several promising targets for non-hormonal male contraception. These include specific enzymes, ion channels, and transmembrane transporters that are crucial for sperm motility and fertilization. Notable examples are enzymes like PP1γ2 and GAPDHS, ion channels such as CatSper and KSper, and transporters including sNHE and ATP1A4, which have been identified as potential druggable targets due to their indispensable roles in sperm function. Additionally, the identification of reproductive tract-specific genes associated with male infertility has opened new avenues for targeted drug development, leveraging technologies like CRISPR and proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) to potentially inhibit sperm production or function.
One innovative approach involves the use of an alpha-1-adrenoreceptor antagonist, administered daily to induce reversible aspermia, azoospermia, or severe oligozoospermia, demonstrating a novel mechanism for non-hormonal male contraception. Furthermore, the exploration of genes and proteins specifically expressed in the male reproductive tract has highlighted potential targets for contraception, with phenotypes ranging from disrupted spermatogenesis to abnormal sperm motility and morphology, indicating their viability for developing effective contraceptives.
Despite these promising developments, the transition from preclinical research to clinically approved non-hormonal male contraceptives faces challenges, including the need for rigorous safety, efficacy, and reversibility evaluations, as well as the establishment of clear guidelines for clinical trials. The collaboration among academia, industry, and regulatory agencies is crucial to overcome these hurdles and bring these innovative contraceptives to market.What are the current Hormonal male contraception?9 answers
Current hormonal male contraception methods primarily focus on suppressing spermatogenesis through the administration of exogenous hormones. The most researched approach involves the use of testosterone, either alone or in combination with a progestin, to suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, thereby reducing the endogenous production of testosterone and spermatogenesis. Studies have shown that testosterone alone can effectively suppress spermatogenesis with few adverse effects, but the addition of a progestin enhances the rate and extent of suppression. This combination therapy effectively suppresses testicular testosterone production and sperm maturation, with previous studies demonstrating the efficacy and reversibility of these hormonal methods.
Recent efforts in hormonal male contraception have also explored novel steroids and varied routes of hormone delivery to address potential user and regulatory concerns. Novel single-agent products, such as dimethandrolone undecanoate, 11β-methyl-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate, and 7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone, are being evaluated for their contraceptive efficacy and potential to serve as a "male pill" or long-acting injections. These novel androgens, which may possess both androgenic and progestogenic activities, are promising due to their potential to simplify the regimen to a single agent.
Despite the progress, there are still challenges to overcome, including side effects related to mood, sexual desire, and cholesterol levels, as well as the need for larger, longer-term studies to assess real-world effectiveness and safety. Additionally, while hormonal male contraception is considered reasonably safe in terms of cardiovascular risk, more data on longer-term safety, especially for older men at high risk of cardiovascular events, is essential.
In summary, current hormonal male contraception methods are centered around testosterone and progestin-based therapies, with ongoing research into novel steroids and delivery methods to improve efficacy, safety, and user acceptability.What are the effects of climate change to the Sahel region?5 answers
Climate change impacts the Sahel region in various ways. Studies show that the region faces challenges like high winds, irregular rainfall, drought, increased crop pests, and conflicts over scarce resources, leading to food insecurity and labor force mobility. Biodiversity in the Sahel is also affected by climate change, with manifestations including floods, droughts, diseases, and conflicts, impacting both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Rising temperatures and precipitation variability in the Sahel due to climate change have negative effects on fertility and demographic trends, especially during growing months, affecting human fertility outcomes and sex ratios. Additionally, climate change in the Sahel region can lead to increased rainfall and extreme climate events, extending the transmission of diseases like malaria and necessitating adaptive strategies for disease control.How does the level of decent work impact the economic growth of digital trustworthiness in e-commerce?5 answers
The level of decent work significantly impacts the economic growth of digital trustworthiness in e-commerce. The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted progress towards decent work globally, with certain groups like women, youth, and persons with disabilities being the most affected. On the other hand, the emergence of the digital economy, particularly in e-commerce, has created job opportunities that may not always align with decent work standards, leading to indecent work conditions. This shift towards digital economic activities can influence the prevalence of indecent work practices such as excessive working hours and precarious employment rates, ultimately affecting the overall economic growth trajectory of the digital economy. Therefore, ensuring decent work standards in the digital economy is crucial for fostering sustainable and trustworthy growth in e-commerce.What is the scientific rationale behind incubating total cholesterol samples at 37°C?5 answers
The scientific rationale behind incubating total cholesterol samples at 37°C lies in the structural transition and configurational changes in the aliphatic chain of the cholesterol molecule. Additionally, incubating samples at this temperature can induce capacitation-like changes in sperm, affecting their quality and viability. Furthermore, maintaining a stable temperature during storage is crucial for preserving the integrity of blood specimens, as fluctuations can impact the stability of the specimen and lead to changes in cholesterol levels. Therefore, incubating total cholesterol samples at 37°C ensures that any structural transitions or changes in the cholesterol molecule are accurately reflected in the analysis, contributing to the reliability of cholesterol level measurements.How is menopause different in india?5 answers
Menopause in India differs from Western countries due to the average age of menopause being lower, at around 46.2 years compared to 51 years in the West. Premature menopause is becoming more prevalent in India, with a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases associated with it. Studies have shown that the average age at menopause in India is around 46.6 years, with variations observed throughout the country. Menopause is considered a significant issue in urban middle-aged Indian women due to factors like globalization and urbanization, leading to emerging health problems. Culturally, menopause signifies a transition in women's roles, with Indian women experiencing this change around the age of 45 years, which is earlier than in the Western world.What are the specific nutrient requirements for different crop species?4 answers
Different crop species have specific nutrient requirements crucial for their growth and development. Generally, plants require 14 essential mineral elements, categorized into macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) are needed in larger quantities, while micronutrients such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), boron (B), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and chlorine (Cl) are required in smaller amounts. These nutrients play vital roles in plant growth, development, and food grain production, influencing biochemical processes, disease resistance, and crop quality. The balance and adequate application of these nutrients are essential for increasing crop yields, ensuring food security, and maintaining soil fertility for sustainable agriculture.What are the specific nutrient requirements for each crop and how do different fertilizers affect these needs?5 answers
Different crops have specific nutrient requirements crucial for their growth and productivity. For instance, wheat is particularly responsive to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilization. In contrast, a four-crop system in Bangladesh, including Aus, Aman, lentil, and mungbean, benefited significantly from a fertilizer management package with varying doses of synthetic fertilizers, with 125% of the recommended dose showing the highest yields and nutrient uptake efficiency. Corn, a staple crop in many regions, has distinct nutrient requirements influenced by factors like N, P, and K fertilization, with excessive nutrients potentially reducing internal plant nutrient efficiency. Adequate nutrition, including macronutrients like N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, and micronutrients like Fe, Zn, B, Cu, Mo, Mn, Ni, and Cl, is essential for overall plant growth and stress tolerance.The waiting time to own a home average in world?5 answers
The waiting time to own a home varies significantly depending on factors such as housing market costs and past house price growth. Research suggests that in metropolitan areas with high house price growth, individuals become homeowners approximately 5 years earlier compared to areas with lower price growth. Additionally, the cost of housing plays a crucial role in delaying first births, with expensive housing markets leading to a delay of three to four years in the age at first birth. This delay is attributed to the challenge of entering homeownership before starting a family in high-cost housing markets. Therefore, the average waiting time to own a home globally is influenced by housing market dynamics and past price growth, impacting individuals' decisions on homeownership and family planning.