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We present results that the GPS performance degradation on modern smart phones for different hand grip styles and body placements can cause signal strength drops as high as 10-16 dB and double the positioning error.
Results indicate that A-GPS locations obtained using the 3G iPhone are much less accurate than those from regular autonomous GPS units (average median error of 8 m for ten 20-minute field tests) but appear sufficient for most Location Based Services (LBS).
Proceedings ArticleDOI
05 May 2008
5 Citations
This methodology is especially applicable for calibration of GPS signal and noise levels for receiver testing.
In urban areas, the GPS suffers from insufficient signal strength, multipath propagation and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) errors, so it thus becomes difficult to obtain accurate and reliable position information.
To address these requirements, this paper proposes an application for measuring the location and signal strength data based on energy-efficient GPS tracking, which allows one to perform the measurements of human mobility and radio signal levels with minimum energy utilization and without any engagement of the user.
Open accessJournal ArticleDOI
Dalip, Vijay Kumar 
24 Citations
The results show humidity, pressure, temperature and air condition effect signal strength values of GSM and accuracy of GPS.
The results of this study identify that this iPhone App is reliable for measuring STS and the derived values of time, velocity and power shows strong associations with age and handgrip strength.
By using the information of the Received Signal Strength (RSS) obtained from AP, then the location of the device can be determined without the need to use GPS.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Qian Zhang, Baokui Li 
01 Aug 2014
14 Citations
The model has been verified to have good performance for fusing GPS and INS data, even when GPS signal is unavailable.
The proposed analysis of the GPS signal provides a method for cross-validating the GPS and accelerometer measurements, and shows that “educated” filtering of the GPS signal can reveal essential features of the building’s response to wind loading.

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Am Radio Kit Reciever?
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An AM radio receiver kit typically includes essential components like front-end circuits for signal conversion, RF amplifiers, mixers, bandpass filters, and detectors for noise elimination. These kits may incorporate integrated circuits (ICs) with built-in amplifiers and filters to enhance performance and reduce noise interference. The tuning circuit in such receivers consists of tuning coils and variable capacitance diodes, while local oscillator circuits generate oscillation signals for frequency mixing. Double superheterodyne AM radio receivers utilize multiple intermediate frequencies and mixer circuits to detect audio signals effectively, often integrating ICs for efficient signal processing. Overall, an AM radio receiver kit combines various circuits and components to facilitate the reception and demodulation of AM radio signals for audio output.
How ambulatory blood pressure monitor absorb noise compared to OBPM?
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Ambulatory blood pressure monitors (ABPM) utilize various noise absorption techniques compared to oscillometric blood pressure monitors (OBPM). ABPM devices, such as those described in Context_1 and Context_2, employ advanced signal processing methods to filter out background noise effectively. For instance, ABPM systems incorporate high-pass and low-pass filters to enhance signal quality and reduce noise interference. Additionally, ABPM devices, like the one in Context_4, analyze noise signals based on specific waveform parameters to identify Korotkoff noises, which are crucial for accurate blood pressure calculation. These noise absorption mechanisms in ABPM devices contribute to more reliable and precise blood pressure measurements compared to traditional OBPM devices.
Are ANN more interpretable then gaussian proccess regression?
4 answers
Neural networks are generally less interpretable than Gaussian Processes (GPs) due to their complexity. While neural networks excel in solving tabular data modeling challenges, their interpretability is limited compared to GPs, which are increasingly seen as an alternative to neural and deep learning methods. Recent research has focused on enhancing the interpretability of models like GPs, aiming to make the decision process transparent to humans. In fact, a novel Gaussian process kernel has been proposed that leverages a deep neural network structure while maintaining good interpretability, addressing issues of optimality, explainability, model complexity, and sample efficiency. Therefore, GPs, with their explainable approaches and focus on interpretability, can be considered more interpretable than artificial neural networks.
Can non-stationarity be effectively addressed through preprocessing techniques in ECMs?
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Non-stationarity in ECMs can be effectively addressed through preprocessing techniques. Various methods exist to handle non-stationarity, such as the Causal-Origin REPresentation (COREP) algorithm, which focuses on tracing the causal origin of non-stationarity to enhance policy learning. Additionally, in the context of time series prediction, suitable transformation methods for non-stationary time series have shown significant improvements in prediction accuracy, with some methods providing over 30% enhancements in half of the evaluated time series. These preprocessing techniques play a crucial role in mitigating the challenges posed by non-stationarity in ECMs, ensuring more accurate and reliable modeling and prediction outcomes.
What is the advantage of indian ambulance system as compared to the rest of the world?
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The advantage of the Indian ambulance system, compared to the rest of the world, lies in its innovative use of technology to overcome challenges such as traffic congestion and delayed emergency responses. India has introduced smart ambulance systems that utilize IoT, GPS, and smartphone technologies to ensure timely medical assistance. These systems incorporate modules that automatically alert medical services about accidents, send patient data to hospitals, and even control traffic signals to create "Green Corridors" for ambulances. Additionally, proposals to install laser beams on ambulance vehicles to guide traffic and pedestrians further highlight India's unique approach to improving emergency response times. By leveraging cutting-edge technology and creative solutions, India's ambulance system is striving to set new standards in efficient and effective emergency medical services.
How do changes in the concentration of signaling molecules affect the stochastic behavior of cellular processes?
5 answers
Changes in the concentration of signaling molecules can significantly impact the stochastic behavior of cellular processes. The presence of molecular noise in signaling networks can lead to deviant effects, altering the average behavior of biological systems. Additionally, fluctuations in the concentration of active signaling molecules due to deactivation processes during signal transduction can introduce spatio-temporal variations, especially in asymmetric cellular architectures. Stochastic fluctuations in cellular reactions, particularly in small systems like cells, can generate fluctuations in the number of molecules, affecting signal amplification and accuracy in cellular processes such as chemotaxis. Furthermore, the stochastic nature of biochemical processes in whole-cell biochips can result in a low signal-to-noise ratio, impacting the detectability of signals and leading to relatively large noise disturbances during information extraction from cells.
How does inertial navigation differ from GPS-based navigation systems?
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Inertial navigation relies on internal sensors like accelerometers and gyroscopes to determine position and movement without external references, making it immune to jamming or spoofing. In contrast, GPS-based systems utilize satellites for position and velocity estimates, offering all-weather coverage but susceptible to signal blockages. Inertial systems require continuous motion sensing for relative position, orientation, and velocity calculations, while GPS directly provides instantaneous position and velocity estimates. To enhance accuracy, inertial systems often integrate with auxiliary systems like GPS, using Kalman filters to correct errors and improve long-term navigation performance. The evolution of inertial sensors from mechanical to advanced technologies has significantly enhanced the capabilities and accuracy of inertial navigation systems over the years.
Acceleration of a golf rrl?
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What happens during rapid re-acquisition?
4 answers
During rapid re-acquisition, various processes occur depending on the context. In the case of a rapid acquisition method for large-scale distributed cluster node information, the cluster state analysis time is shortened, task scheduling response time is reduced, and overall scheduling efficiency is enhanced. In the context of a rapid associated acquisition device and method for GNSS signals, the primary and secondary code positions are quickly associated, frequency searches are conducted in parallel, and acquisition speed is improved significantly. Additionally, a rapid acquisition apparatus for chip image enables efficient chip image capture through automated processes, enhancing operational efficiency compared to manual methods. Furthermore, in the reacquisition of fear reactions to extinguished contexts, rapid reconditioning after complete extinction maintains original conditioning, while delayed reconditioning post-extensive extinction leads to fear reaction recovery over time, resembling conditioning in a familiar context.
What is the difference between active and passive antenna for GNSS applications?
4 answers
The primary difference between active and passive antennas for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) applications lies in their design and functionality, particularly in how they manage signal amplification and noise reduction. Active antennas incorporate low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) and other electronic components to boost the received signal strength and reduce the noise level, thereby enhancing the overall sensitivity and performance of the GNSS receiver. For instance, active antennas may include a two-staged LNA circuit to significantly increase gain and lower the noise figure, as demonstrated in compact designs suitable for commercial drones, which show gains exceeding 28.5 dBic and noise figures less than 1.4 dB at target bands. These antennas can also feature innovative amplifying circuits to effectively reduce system noise factors, and may even compensate for coupler loss to precisely receive GPS signals. Additionally, active antennas can perform self-environment tests to ensure normal operation without the need for an echoic chamber, and they can be designed with integrated circuits for optimized performance in specific applications. Conversely, passive antennas do not have built-in amplifiers or electronic components to enhance the signal. They rely solely on their physical design and material properties to receive and transmit signals. For example, a planar dual-band array can cover radionavigation bands without the need for additional active components, relying on its structural design for performance. Similarly, the use of choke coils in a GNSS antenna can improve signal reception capability by structurally enhancing the antenna's height and broadening the wave beam range, without active amplification. In summary, active antennas are equipped with electronic components that amplify and filter GNSS signals, offering higher gain and lower noise figures, which is crucial for applications requiring high sensitivity and accuracy. Passive antennas, while simpler and potentially more cost-effective, depend on their physical configuration to achieve desired performance levels, making them suitable for applications where simplicity and lower cost are prioritized over high sensitivity and signal amplification.