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The reported XPS data represent useful be...
We demonstrate the benefits of combining rigorous theory with careful XPS measurements in order to obtain correct assignments of the C1s XPS spectra of the polymer sample.
This behaviour is shown to provide an additional basis for interpretation of XPS spectra
XPS data might profitably provide such a means of comparison, although sufficiently reliable XPS data for commercial samples are not currently available.
This was an exciting time because XPS appeared to provide chemical information unavailable otherwise.
Journal ArticleDOI
Bora Mavis, Mufit Akinc 
75 Citations
XPS results support the FTIR results.
XPS data strongly supported the XRD results.
XPS results closely support EDAX analysis.
Good agreement between the XPS and atomic force microscopic size determinations was found, suggesting XPS could be a reliable, and probably more accessible, alternative.

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Why there is a peak shift in Xrd while doing?
5 answers
Peak shifts in X-ray diffraction (XRD) can occur due to various factors such as instrumental effects, specimen geometry, surface charge fluctuation, and lattice strains. Factors like Lorentz-polarization, diffraction geometry, and structural factors can lead to profile distortions and peak maxima shifts. Specimen geometry, beam divergence, and surface curvature influence peak shifts, with shifts increasing with beam divergence and depending on specimen tilt angle and curvature radius. Surface charge fluctuation can cause peak shifts in X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), which are tracked and compensated for during measurements. Additionally, lattice strains induced by nano-sized structures can lead to apparent peak shifts in XRD patterns, affecting cell-edge lengths. The peak shift method can be used to determine stacking fault probability in alloys, with results showing variations based on alloy composition and thermomechanical cycling.
Definition of Graphene Oxide?
4 answers
Graphene oxide (GO) is a two-dimensional material derived from oxidized graphite, featuring a hexagonal lattice structure with oxygen functional groups decorating the carbon plane. It can be synthesized through exfoliation of graphite oxide using methods like sonication or mechanical stirring, with the modified Hummer’s method being a widely used technique. GO's versatile properties, including excellent electrical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics, make it suitable for various applications such as polymer composites, energy conversion materials, sensors, FET transistors, and photonic applications. Additionally, GO has emerged as a significant material in photonics, electronics, and optoelectronics, offering exceptional performance in technologies like solar energy harvesting, energy storage, medical diagnosis, image display, and optical communications.
Definition of reduce Graphene Oxide?
4 answers
Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) is a material obtained through the reduction of Graphene Oxide (GO), which is typically produced from graphite oxidation processes. Various methods, such as chemical exfoliation and controlled reduction, are employed to reduce GO to rGO. rGO exhibits attractive properties for optoelectronic applications, with potential for mass production at a lower cost. One method involves suspending GO in a liquid medium with iodide, partially reducing it, and further reducing it through UV irradiation to obtain rGO. The preparation method for rGO involves simultaneous reduction and activation processes, increasing the interlayer distance and specific surface area compared to conventional methods. Overall, rGO offers tunable properties, high transparency, and conductivity, making it a promising material for various applications.
How do OCP and HA's lattice parameters affect the XRD peak at 2θ = 33.6°?
5 answers
The lattice parameters of hydroxyapatite (HA) and octacalcium phosphate (OCP) influence the XRD peak at 2θ = 33.6°. HA, with lattice parameters a=9.407 A and c=6.883 A, exhibits a hexagonal structure. The lattice expansion along all crystallographic axes of HA with increasing air-annealing temperature indicates structural changes. On the other hand, OCP's lattice parameters affect the XRD peak as well. The influence of incident beam angle (α angle) on lattice parameters and peak profile in XRD was studied, showing that lowering the α angle results in decreased accuracy of lattice parameters and broadening of XRD lines. Understanding these lattice parameter variations is crucial for interpreting XRD peaks accurately at 2θ = 33.6°.
How vertically oriented nanotubes grow on aluminum foil?
4 answers
Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VA-CNTs) can be grown on aluminum foil through various methods. One approach involves synthesizing VA-CNTs on Al foil using the Floating Catalyst Chemical Vapor Deposition (FCCVD) method at 610 °C, with ethanol as the carbon source and ferrocene as the catalyst. Another method is the Aerosol-Assisted Catalytic Chemical Vapour Deposition (CCVD) process, which utilizes acetylene as the carbon source and ferrocene as the catalyst precursor, operating at 615 °C to obtain dense forests of VACNTs on Al foil. Additionally, VA-CNTs can be grown from Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films with accumulated nanoparticles, showing different growth rates based on the size of the catalyst nanoparticles and the catalyst area ratio. These methods demonstrate the feasibility of growing vertically oriented nanotubes on aluminum foil for various applications.
What is the typical storage time limit for silicon epitaxy wafers in various applications?
5 answers
The storage time limit for silicon epitaxy wafers can vary depending on the specific application and storage conditions. For mirror-polished wafers, storing silicon wafers in an immersed state with hydrogen peroxide at concentrations of 0.05wt%-1wt% and temperatures of 10-30°C can prevent surface staining for up to 120 hours. Additionally, the efficiency limits of epitaxially grown silicon wafers can be optimized by quantifying losses from defects like decorated stacking faults and inhomogeneous processing, allowing for systematic material improvement. Nucleation annealing at 750°C followed by growth annealing at 1050°C can significantly enhance the generation lifetime of epitaxial layers, although it may not affect recombination lifetime, potentially due to defects from metallic impurities and boron complexes in heavily doped substrate regions.
Do charge up effect affects to the peak depth at ion implantation experiment?
4 answers
The charge accumulation during ion implantation experiments indeed affects the peak depth. Studies have shown that charge accumulation strongly influences the depth profile of implanted ions, altering the conductivity of the surface and potentially leading to migration of charges. Additionally, the Variable Depth Bragg Peak method has highlighted the impact of charge collection volumes on latchup testing, where the variation in Linear Energy Transfer (LET) with depth for lower-energy ions significantly influences the comparison of charge collection depths. Furthermore, experiments on Si nanocrystals in sapphire have demonstrated shifts in the peak position of Si concentration with implantation dose, indicating the effect of charging on the depth distribution and chemical structure during ion implantation.
How to prepare PANI tio2 composite for dye synthesized solar cell application?
5 answers
To prepare PANI/TiO2 composites for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) applications, a two-step process involving in-situ polymerization and nanoparticle addition is recommended. The synthesis can be achieved by polymerizing PANI in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles using an oxidative polymerization technique. The addition of TiO2 nanoparticles during PANI polymerization at specific weight ratios (0.3 and 0.5 wt. %) enhances the interaction between PANI and TiO2, leading to improved properties. Additionally, the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles can promote optical properties in the visible range, creating structural defects that enhance performance. This method ensures good collaboration between PANI and TiO2, making the composite suitable for DSSC applications.
Lattice constant change of anatase TiO2 with oxygen deficiency?
5 answers
The lattice constant change of anatase TiO2 with oxygen deficiency is influenced by various factors. Oxygen vacancies in TiO2 can lead to the formation of electron-rich active sites, affecting the material's properties. Reduced anatase TiO2 nanoparticles exhibit preferential electron localization at low-coordinated surface sites, forming Ti3+ species. Additionally, the presence of oxygen defects in anatase TiO2 results in a decrease in the energy band gap and a spatial expansion of the primitive cell. These changes in electronic states and structural properties due to oxygen deficiency contribute to alterations in the lattice constant of anatase TiO2, highlighting the intricate relationship between defect formation and lattice parameters in this material.
"Theoretical Investigation of AlMgF3 Perovskite: Structural Stability, Electronic Properties,?
5 answers
Theoretical investigations on AlMgF3 perovskite reveal its structural stability and electronic properties. Al-based fluoroperovskites like AlMF3 (M = Cu, Mn) exhibit cubic structures and stable characteristics, with AlMgF3 showing promise for energy generation. Density functional theory calculations on perovskite materials, including BaTiO3 and its Ca-doped forms, demonstrate structural phase transitions and bandgap modifications upon doping, enhancing optoelectronic applications. Additionally, studies on SrXO3 perovskite oxides (X=Sc, Ge, Si) using DFT highlight electronic behavior variations, with SrScO3 displaying metallic properties and SrSiO3, SrGeO3 exhibiting band gaps. The investigation of SrAlH3 structural stability for hydrogen storage applications emphasizes the importance of energy minimization and phase transformations under pressure conditions. These diverse studies collectively contribute to understanding the structural stability and electronic characteristics of perovskite materials like AlMgF3.
How to make KMnO4 Mn 2 transparent to red?
4 answers
To make KMnO4 Mn 2 transparent to red, one can utilize the preparation methods described in the provided research contexts. Context_1 details a process involving dissolving KMnO4 in an HF solution to obtain a K2MnF6 precursor, which can lead to a red fluorescent material when further processed. Context_2 presents a method using KMnO4 in a water solution to prepare a tetravalent manganese ion doped ammonium salt red light material. Additionally, Context_4 discusses a green preparation method for Mn (IV) doped fluoride red fluorescence powder, where KMnO4 is involved in the reaction process. By following these methods, which involve KMnO4 and other specific compounds, it is possible to create transparent to red materials with manganese doping, suitable for various applications requiring red light emission.