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On average, rapping but not ticking playbacks increased male calling and in many cases induced previously nondominant males to call more than their rivals.
They also provide concrete examples of how opportunities to develop improvisational skills can be offered in the course of high school dance instruction.
“It is not rapping per se—the style of vocalization, its syncopations, or its driving, percussive rhythms—that is dreaded by the protected white world.
The rapping-answer interaction thus forms a duet between partners of a receptive pair.
This supports the idea that the vigor of shell rapping is regulated by fatigue and could therefore act as a signal of stamina.
In addition, shell rapping might incur some direct detrimental effect on defenders.
Open accessJournal ArticleDOI
Mark Briffa, Robert W. Elwood 
01 May 2000-Behavioral Ecology
55 Citations
The temporal pattern of rapping contains information about the motivation and/or relative resource holding potential (RHP) of the initiator and acts as a repeated signal of stamina.

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