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It could contribute to uncover the underlying mechanism of how neuron encodes electric field signals.
Our results demonstrated that single-neuron activity supports the construction of an abstract, mental schema of ordered items in solving the task and that this representation is independent of the reward value that is experienced for the single items.
It turns out that the firing activities of a single neuron can induce synchronization of the underlying neuronal networks.
Thus, in certain invertebrate ganglia, it is possible to make a reasonably complete recording of the neuron activity responsible for generating relatively complex behaviors.
Open accessJournal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 2002-Neural Networks
41 Citations
Overall this work illustrates how a hardware-realisable neuron model can capitalise on the unique computational capabilities of biological neurons.

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How does emotion influence fast and slow thinking?
5 answers
Emotion influences fast and slow thinking differently. Fast thinking, characterized by rapid and varied thought sequences, tends to induce more positive affect, while slow, repetitive thinking can lead to dejection. On the other hand, negative emotions can slow down movement speed, affecting athletic performance, as seen in studies where participants exhibited slower movements in negative emotional conditions compared to neutral ones. Additionally, emotional processing can impact cognitive control, with concurrent emotion increasing neural activation during high cognitive control conditions, involving regions associated with cognitive control like the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Therefore, emotions play a significant role in shaping the speed and quality of both fast and slow thinking processes.
How to compare the physiological data between in neutral state and emotion state?
5 answers
To compare physiological data between neutral and emotional states, various studies have utilized different methodologies. One approach involves using physiological signals like heart rate, skin temperature, and skin conductivity to classify emotional states. Another study focused on analyzing the effect of emotional states modulated by auditory stimuli on cognitive control through functional near-infrared spectroscopy, showing differences in brain activity between neutral and negative emotional contexts. Additionally, research has explored the impact of visual stimuli on emotion through EEG recordings, demonstrating the influence of previous emotional states on subsequent neutral states. Furthermore, event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used to investigate brain dynamics during associative emotional learning, revealing heightened perceptual and sustained processing for neutral information in emotional contexts. These diverse approaches provide valuable insights into understanding the physiological differences between neutral and emotional states.
How does low intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) work?
5 answers
Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) works by utilizing ultrasonic waves at lower intensities to modulate neural activity and potentially alleviate symptoms associated with various conditions. LIFU has shown promise in treating major depressive disorder by focusing ultrasound waves on specific brain regions. Additionally, LIFU has been found to improve depression-like behaviors by enhancing synaptic plasticity in the vCA1-mPFC pathway, ultimately ameliorating depressive symptoms. Furthermore, LIFU has been explored for disrupting the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) in a rat model, offering a method for precise neuromodulation and potential applications in drug delivery and immunomodulation at the spinal cord level. Moreover, combining LIFU with ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction has shown efficacy in sensitizing anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy by inducing immunogenic cell death and enhancing anti-tumor immune responses.
In Baddeley's model of working memory, which task is most likely carried out by the central executive component?
4 answers
In Baddeley's model of working memory, the central executive component is primarily responsible for coordinating and prioritizing information from sensory and association cortices, allocating limited memory resources to different subsystems based on their demands, and controlling the performance of other components. It is a supervisory system with a focus on internally directed attentional control processes and plays a crucial role in attentional selection of perceptual information. The central executive also monitors the quality of information represented by prefrontal activity, influencing decision-making processes and confidence in choices. Additionally, it is involved in the coordination of information from perception and long-term memory through the episodic buffer, a passive storage system accessible to conscious awareness.
What is the pleasure-attenuated startle (PAS) paradigm?
4 answers
The pleasure-attenuated startle (PAS) paradigm is a method used to assess the rewarding properties of a treatment by observing the attenuation of the acoustic startle response (ASR) in the presence of a positive conditioned stimulus, indicating the motivational impact of the treatment independently from its motor stimulating effects. This paradigm allows for the differentiation between the motivational and motor components of reinforcement processes, highlighting the role of brain regions like the nucleus accumbens (NAC) and the amygdala in behavioral control by conditioned reward. The PAS paradigm has been instrumental in studying affective modulation of the startle response across different age groups, revealing developmental and gender differences in baseline startle magnitude and response probability. Additionally, abnormalities in affective modulation of startle have been linked to early markers of risk for anxiety disorders in children, influenced by parental psychopathology, suggesting vulnerabilities that contribute to anxiety disorder development.
What's a cognitive training for sport?
10 answers
Cognitive training for sport is a method designed to enhance core cognitive abilities such as attention, decision-making, and working memory, which are crucial for achieving optimal performance in highly stressful and demanding sports environments. This training involves repetitive and targeted exercises aimed at improving specific cognitive skills that are directly applicable to sports performance, including the ability to anticipate movements, make quick decisions, and maintain focus under pressure. Cognitive training can be domain-specific, targeting skills directly related to a particular sport, or domain-general, focusing on broader cognitive functions for application across various sports contexts. Recent research has explored the integration of cognitive training with minimal motor components to improve reactive motor skills, demonstrating its potential to enhance unilateral choice-reaction performance in athletes. Additionally, innovative approaches combine cognitive training with physical exercise, aiming to mitigate mental and physical fatigue, thereby improving overall athletic performance. The interdisciplinary field of Cognitive Interaction Technology (CIT) has also contributed to this area by developing advanced technologies, such as virtual reality systems and cognitive glasses, to support the training of cognitive skills in sports. Despite the growing popularity of cognitive training in sports, evidence of its effectiveness and transfer to improved sports performance remains limited, with studies highlighting the need for more rigorous and sport-specific research. However, the development of a Cognitive Fitness Framework (CF2) and prototype training programs for competitive athletes suggests a promising direction for future research and application, emphasizing the importance of systematic assessment and methodological improvements. Cognitive training for sport, therefore, represents a promising but still emerging field, requiring further exploration to fully understand its benefits and applications in enhancing athletic performance.
How does the human brain process and generate creative thoughts through imagination?
5 answers
The human brain processes and generates creative thoughts through imagination by engaging various brain networks and cognitive processes. Creativity involves the interplay between associative and executive modes of thinking, with functional connectivity between different brain networks regulating creative cognition. Imagination, a fundamental skill for creativity, allows individuals to construct mental representations of novel ideas and scenarios, drawing on brain regions like the default mode network and the executive attention network. Additionally, exposure to visual examples can impact creative imagination by influencing neural activity within regions associated with visual object recognition, potentially constraining the generation of creative ideas. Overall, the dynamic interaction between brain systems, cognitive processes, and external stimuli shapes the human brain's ability to process information creatively through imagination.
How does dual coding theory relate to the acquisition of new knowledge in learners?
5 answers
Dual coding theory (DCT) plays a crucial role in enhancing the acquisition of new knowledge in learners by utilizing visual-verbal stimuli to process information effectively. DCT has been shown to have a strong positive relationship with learning outcomes. By integrating visuals into content delivery, DCT reduces cognitive load on learners, making it easier for them to grasp new concepts. Additionally, the use of multimedia tools based on DCT principles can lead to more effective language development, especially in vocabulary recall and development. The theoretical foundation of DCT, emphasizing dual representations of knowledge through verbal and imagery systems, enhances learning efficiency and effectiveness. DCT's modality-specific and multimodal approach to mental representations contrasts with standard views, highlighting its unique contribution to cognitive tasks and learning processes.
How do social pressure affect isolation?
5 answers
Social pressure can significantly impact isolation. Research indicates that social isolation induces stress responses, affecting microglia and neural activity in various brain regions differently between males and females. Moreover, social isolation is linked to poor physical and mental health outcomes, with effects on neurotransmitter systems associated with addictive, psychotic, and affective disorders. In a study on mice, social isolation led to bone loss in male mice, affecting bone remodeling and gene expression related to osteoblasts and osteoclasts, highlighting gender-specific effects on bone health. Additionally, social isolation can deflate preferences for public goods, with a 30% reduction in affirmative voting observed in large group settings, emphasizing the impact of group size on social-pressure bias.
Does the duration of abstinence affect time to reach orgasm?
5 answers
The duration of abstinence does not appear to affect the time to reach orgasm. Studies on premature ejaculation patients and control subjects showed that abstinence time did not correlate with nerve electrophysiological test results before or after ejaculation. Additionally, research on individuals recovering from alcohol dependence found that the duration of abstinence did not impact self-esteem levels during the recovery process. Furthermore, a study tracking individuals in treatment for substance use over 8 years revealed various aspects of recovery but did not specifically indicate a direct relationship between abstinence duration and time to reach orgasm. Therefore, based on the available data, the duration of abstinence does not seem to influence the time to reach orgasm.
How does exploratory behavior change in individuals with depression?
5 answers
Exploratory behavior in individuals with depression exhibits alterations characterized by reduced interest and exploration. Studies on animal models like the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats, a model of depression, demonstrate decreased exploratory drive and increased risk-assessment behavior, reflecting a reactive coping style. Moreover, research on manic bipolar disorder (BD) patients reveals hyper-exploration and novelty-seeking behaviors, which persist even with a modest reduction in symptoms, suggesting enduring characteristics of BD. Additionally, the absence of Transthyretin (TTR) in mice is associated with increased exploratory activity and reduced depressive-like behavior, possibly through modulation of the noradrenergic system. Maternal depression impacts infant exploratory behavior development, emphasizing the importance of maternal permissiveness and encouragement for fostering the infant's sense of competence and voluntary control in exploring the environment.