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These facts imply that there is an implicit transfer to the richest individuals in the society.
In this case, the less-wealthy interest group who is not targeted by the politician is better off.
The results show that around half of the firms have at least one ex-politician on their board of directors.
In particular, the idealtype of the 'business politician' will be defined as one possessing the abilities necessary for the functioning of the system of corruption.
This characterisation is the latest in a number of refinements to the definition and understanding of the celebrity politician.
Politician-banker connections at this level are relatively rare, but their frequency is robustly correlated with many important characteristics of banks and institutions.
Open accessBook
01 Jan 1946
293 Citations
No one would seriously assert that the richest men-the Astors and Girards-are politically the most influential.
Open accessPosted Content
Hendrik Hakenes, Christa Hainz 
64 Citations
However, from a welfare perspective, a politician uses public banks inefficiently often.
A politician who wastes his country’s resources on a grand scale may have a successful career.
First, having a connection to a winning politician increases a firm’s revenue by 60% and profitability by 15% over a term in office.

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How does the use of critical paradigm affect the analysis of comics?
5 answers
The use of a critical paradigm significantly influences the analysis of comics by providing a framework for examining various aspects of the medium. Critical paradigms, such as those discussed in the contexts, offer tools for analyzing encoded documents, reflecting different theoretical and critical approaches to comics. They help in understanding the communication process in terms of social, economic, and political conditions, impacting both the production and consumption of comics. Additionally, critical discourse analysis can reveal how comics mix provocative discourses to influence readers, highlighting the importance of examining the motives and values behind the discourse. Overall, employing a critical paradigm enhances the depth and breadth of comic analysis by considering diverse perspectives and underlying ideologies.
What are some effective strategies for enhancing students' skills in drafting technology at the grade 8 level?
5 answers
Effective strategies for enhancing students' skills in drafting technology at the grade 8 level include integrating technology like Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) into teaching methods. Additionally, providing purposeful instruction, specially designed for students with disabilities, is crucial for improving writing skills, which are essential in drafting technology. Moreover, fostering the development of artistic and graphic skills through specialized exercises is highlighted as important in shaping students' competencies in drafting technology. It is also essential to address students' attitudes and study habits towards drafting technology, ensuring they are moderately favorable and satisfactory, respectively. By combining these approaches, educators can create a comprehensive learning environment that enhances students' drafting skills effectively at the grade 8 level.
How did the Asian financial crisis impact income inequality in Malaysia?
5 answers
The Asian financial crisis had a significant impact on income inequality in Malaysia. Initially, the crisis led to severe economic contraction and a decline in the health of the financial system, prompting the government to implement measures like the National Economic Recovery Plan (NERP). This crisis caused Malaysia's GDP to contract drastically, resulting in a substantial decrease in per capita income and a loss of steady-state output. Income differentials across states in Malaysia were also affected, with pronounced disparities at lower income levels, despite some regions performing better than others. However, over time, Malaysia managed to improve income distribution, as indicated by a decreasing trend in income inequality based on semi-parametric analysis of household incomes for various years.
How does corruption affect FDI in nigeria?
5 answers
Corruption significantly impacts Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Nigeria. Studies show that corruption control has an asymmetric relationship with FDI inflow, where improvements encourage FDI while decreases have an insignificant effect. Additionally, corruption itself has been found to have a positive influence on FDI inflows, indicating that a high level of corruption leads to low investment and economic growth in Nigeria. Furthermore, a study reveals that a low level of corruption is associated with a large volume of FDI inflow, emphasizing the need to reduce corruption at all levels of governance to attract more FDI to Nigeria. Overall, combating corruption and enhancing corruption control efforts are crucial steps to make Nigeria more attractive for foreign investments.
How education affect economic growth and income inequality?
5 answers
Education plays a crucial role in influencing economic growth and income inequality. Studies have shown that higher education levels contribute to reducing inequalities and fostering economic development. The quality and quantity of education, as measured by standardized test scores and years of school attainment, have been identified as key factors in shaping income distribution. Additionally, gender disparities in education can impact economic growth differently across continents, with gender inequality affecting economic growth in Asia and Europe. Moreover, the impact of education on income inequality varies across different educational levels, with primary and secondary education generally reducing income inequality, while higher education can sometimes exacerbate it due to financial disparities and specialized expertise. Overall, promoting equal access to education and enhancing educational quality are essential strategies to mitigate income inequality and foster sustainable economic growth.
What does internationalization of curriculum require?
5 answers
Internationalization of the curriculum necessitates the integration of international, intercultural, and global dimensions into educational programs, encompassing content, teaching methods, learning outcomes, and institutional support. It involves understanding diverse perspectives, fostering mobility of students and academic programs, and incorporating local knowledge systems to promote a more decolonized approach. The process of internationalizing a curriculum requires alignment of philosophies among teaching staff, university leadership, and relevant professional bodies, emphasizing the importance of purposeful integration to prepare students for the global workforce. Educational leaders must consider challenges such as power imbalances, institutional readiness, and geopolitical factors when planning and implementing internationalization efforts. Ultimately, a comprehensive framework is essential to guide the internationalization of curricula in higher education effectively.
What are the multiple social identities according to the intersectionality theory in political science?
4 answers
Intersectionality theory in political science recognizes various social identities that intersect to shape individuals' experiences in the political sphere. These identities include gender, race, ethnicity, social class, religion, and ability. The theory emphasizes that these identities are not isolated but interact in complex ways, influencing power dynamics, inclusion, and exclusion in politics. By considering multiple social identifiers simultaneously, such as gender, ethnicity, and social class, intersectionality provides a framework to understand how individuals navigate political systems and structures based on their unique combination of identities. This approach highlights the importance of acknowledging the complexity and diversity of experiences within marginalized groups and underscores the need for inclusive and nuanced analyses of political participation and power dynamics.
What are the actual problems of the sendviche generation?
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The sandwich generation, referring to individuals simultaneously caring for aging parents and their own children, faces various challenges. In Russia, the younger generation, particularly those born in the 1990s and early 2000s, are experiencing a growing gap in values and understanding of Russian ethnicity, leading to potential cultural discontinuity. Furthermore, this generation, known as Generation Y, is encountering security issues due to economic instability, which can result in negative consequences like criminalization, social deviations, and a decline in traditional values. Additionally, the health of the younger Russian population is a significant concern for both state organizations and society. These challenges highlight the complex issues faced by the sandwich generation in Russia, encompassing cultural, security, and health-related aspects.
Can the natural speak? finland, discourse?
4 answers
The discourse surrounding the representation of nature in Finland, particularly through the lens of national identity and gender equality, highlights the intricate relationship between humans and the natural world. In Finnish discourses, animals like the Finnhorse are portrayed as national symbols, emphasizing their connection to the country's identity and heritage. Furthermore, the evolution of gender equality discourse in Finland from the 1960s to the 1990s reflects a shift in societal norms and political strategies, showcasing how gender equality became a central topic in public policies and state interactions. These discussions underscore the complex interplay between nature, national identity, and societal values in Finnish discourse, suggesting that the natural world can indeed "speak" through the narratives and representations constructed around it.
How has the cultural significance of Kalesa changed over time in Iligan City?
5 answers
The cultural significance of Kalesa in Iligan City has evolved over time due to various factors. Initially established by the Huaren community in the 1930s, the school faced challenges as Filipino nationalism surged in the 1950s and 1960s, leading to restrictions on foreign-controlled institutions. Despite these changes, the school continued to serve its purpose, preserving Chinese language and culture in the community. This resilience reflects a broader trend of cultural transformation in urban communities, influenced by technology and historical events. The evolution of cultural practices like the Koleda ritual in Dubašnica on the Island of Krk showcases how traditions adapt and persist over time, aided by modern organizational methods. Overall, the cultural significance of Kalesa in Iligan City has shifted in response to socio-political changes, yet it has maintained its core values and contributions to the community.
Can everyone be vegan?
5 answers
While asking everyone to become vegan may not be realistic or desirable due to various reasons like nutritional needs, the environmental impact of livestock production, and the practicality of a global shift to veganism. However, vegan diets can be safe and beneficial for specific groups like infants, children, pregnant women, and more if well-planned. Studies comparing vascular and skeletal muscle properties between vegan and omnivorous men showed no significant differences in health markers, suggesting that both diets can support good health. Moreover, veganism is not just about individual dietary choices but has a political dimension focused on solidarity to resist and overturn animal oppression. Therefore, while not everyone may adopt a vegan lifestyle, it can be a viable and beneficial choice for many individuals and groups.