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Proceedings ArticleDOI
Bo-Hyung Cho, Fred C. Lee 
18 Jun 1984
21 Citations
Employing the digital modulator, this loop gain can be measured even with a switching regulator employing the current injected control.
The current gain is clearly higher than the one calculated for a bipolar junction transistor with the same doping profile because the base-emitter hole current is suppressed by the Ga/sub 0.5/In/sub 0.5/P potential barrier in the valence band.
Journal ArticleDOI
Roger H. Stolen, Erich P. Ippen 
620 Citations
The measured gain is in good agreement with that calculated from the Raman cross section.
The gain-per-stage of the amplifier is amongst the highest reported in any transistor technology in this frequency band.
The predicted variation in transistor performance compares well with the measured silicon data for a 45-nm strained CMOS technology.
The model can extrapolate transistor gain specifications without recharacterizing device types for temperature or neutron effects.
This maximum frequency of oscillation can also be used to predict the approximate gain obtainable from a transistor at high frequencies, and the efficiency which may be realized from the transistor used as a high frequency oscillator.
Computed results for the performance of a particular high-frequency transistor in the common-base and common-emitter configurations verify the main conclusions of the analysis and indicate the relative merits of the two configurations in regard to power gain with and without feedback applied.
The linearity in the measured gain scale is understood in the context of the longitudinal proximity effect from the electrical bias leads resulting in transition characteristics that are strongly dependent upon TES size.
The bipolar gain can be determined for each transistor, without the need to compare the long and short devices.
The experimental results show that a two-transistor inverting stage provides the lowest mean voltage gain.
This is the best reported gain performance for any transistor.
We show in this work that the extrinsic current gain /spl beta//sub EXT/ measured at a low current level can be erroneously attributed to the gain of the intrinsic transistor.
Calculated results will accurately reproduce the significant decrease in transistor current gain with a high impurity concentration at emitter-base junction.
The net result is a significant improvement in the transistor gain.
The parameters are extracted from a single measurement in the forward active region on one transistor test structure with two separate base contacts, making it a simple and attractive tool for bipolar transistor characterization.
Measured transistor values show excellent potential for both power and low-noise amplification applications.
These calculations confirm tie general picture given of transistor action.

Related Questions

How can efficiency be measured?5 answersEfficiency can be measured using various methods such as the Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA), Thick Frontier Approach (TFA), and Distribution Free Approach (DFA). These methods focus on measuring economic efficiency, which involves optimizing the level and structure of inputs and outputs based on market prices. Another approach is to measure efficiency based on the production function, where efficiency is measured as the ratio of aggregate output to aggregate input. This approach considers the minimum input required to produce a given amount of output and the maximum output that can be produced from a given amount of input. Econometric models are also used to measure efficiency, including models for cross-sectional data, panel data, and models with time-varying technical efficiency. Additionally, statistical techniques such as data envelopment analysis and stochastic frontier analysis are used to measure efficiency.
How can efficiency be measured in microinverters?5 answersEfficiency in microinverters can be measured using various methods. One approach is to compare the efficiency-load characteristics and electrical energy yields of different microinverters. Another method involves utilizing interpolation of microinverter efficiency based on experimental efficiency look-up tables, combined with modeling of the maximum power point of a PV module. Additionally, the efficiency of microinverters can be improved by implementing active power decoupling circuits, which reduce the size of the dc-link capacitor and utilize film capacitors instead of electrolytic types. Furthermore, the efficiency of microinverters can be evaluated by investigating their efficiency characteristics at different carrier frequencies and output loads. It is also important to consider the effects of correlated parameters, such as module temperature and inverter temperature, on microinverter performance when measuring efficiency.
How to measure?1 answersMeasurement is a fundamental aspect of physics and psychology. In physics, measurements are used to adopt or reject physical theories, and the interaction between the observer and the observed system is crucial. Contextuality plays a role in rendering interactions and measurements empirically tangible, and the collision of different epistemological stances can present challenges in measurement. In psychology, the stability, validity, and content of a measure are important considerations. Stability refers to the consistency of a measure over repetitions, validity relates to whether the measure measures what it purports to measure, and content is determined by the shared conceptual system embedded in a natural language. In statistical work, measurement involves predicting the values of random variables or estimating the parameters of a distribution, particularly in the presence of missing observations. The conditional distribution of latent variables given observed data is often used for measurement.
How do you test a transistor on a TV?9 answers
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