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We propose that several of the COVID-19 disease features are due to the persistence of virus-infected cells in the lungs of the infected individuals for the duration of the disease.
The long, dispersive incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 contributes to the global spread of COVID-19.

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How do the adverse effects of playing computer games vary among Grade 11 Humss students in different countries?
4 answers
The adverse effects of playing computer games among Grade 11 HUMSS students vary across different countries. Research indicates that problematic gaming behavior negatively impacts adolescents' social and mental well-being, leading to lower life satisfaction, increased psychological complaints, and reduced peer support. Additionally, a study focusing on senior high school students found that playing online games had a moderate negative effect on academic performance, with predominantly male players spending an average of 2.14 hours a day gaming. However, another research on secondary school students suggested that computer games had a medium-level effect on social loneliness and parental criticism, with no significant impact on academic behaviors. Furthermore, a study involving adolescents from 30 European countries highlighted that supportive family environments and lower economic inequalities at the country-level were associated with a lower risk of problematic gaming.
Are Older Adults with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain Less Active than Older Adults Without Pain?
4 answers
Older adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain may not necessarily be less active than those without pain. Research suggests that pain resilience and pain-related activity patterns play a crucial role in determining the activity levels of older adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Factors such as motivation, social networks, and mood have been found to influence the physical activity levels of older adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain, indicating that pain resilience can lead to higher levels of physical activity despite experiencing pain. Additionally, interventions targeting pain resilience and pain catastrophizing can help mitigate the negative impact of pain intensity on activity patterns in elderly individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Therefore, it is essential to consider these psychological and behavioral factors when assessing the activity levels of older adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain.
What are the specific cosmetics that have been found to have a negative effect on student confidence?
5 answers
Skin-lightening products have been identified to have a negative effect on student confidence. Research conducted in Indonesia found that these products, which are in high demand despite safety concerns, contain hazardous substances like mercury that can impact health. Additionally, the study on the impact of beauty vloggers on students using cosmetics revealed that the hegemony created by these influencers can lead to increased self-confidence among viewers, potentially influencing their cosmetic choices. Furthermore, the prevalence of adverse effects from cosmetics among female university students in Saudi Arabia highlights the importance of awareness regarding the harmful effects of these products on confidence levels. Specifically, irritant contact dermatitis, acne, and allergic contact dermatitis were reported as common negative effects on confidence due to cosmetic usage.
What does an app cost?
4 answers
The cost of apps can vary significantly based on different factors. On average, the cost of an app is around $1.47. However, when considering the development of software projects, the average cost can range from $434,000 for small companies to $2,322,000 for large companies. In the healthcare sector, app-based treatments have shown cost-effectiveness in various conditions. For instance, app-based treatment for female urinary incontinence was found to be cost-effective compared to care-as-usual in Dutch primary care, with lower costs and small mean differences in effects. Similarly, an app designed for treating stress urinary incontinence was deemed a cost-effective first-line treatment, with potential for increasing access to care at a sustainable cost for patients. Therefore, the cost of apps can vary depending on the purpose and context of their development and utilization.
What is more accurate manual blood pressure monitoring or electronic blood pressure monitoring?
5 answers
Electronic blood pressure monitoring devices have been compared to manual blood pressure monitoring methods in various studies. A study in Chinese individuals found that automated office blood pressure measurements did not show superior accuracy compared to manual measurements. Conversely, a study in India concluded that there were no significant differences in the recorded values of manual mercury sphygmomanometers and automated digital sphygmomanometers. Additionally, a systematic review indicated that digital blood pressure monitors have a moderate level of accuracy, with a pooled sensitivity of 65.7% and specificity of 95.9% when compared to mercury sphygmomanometers. Overall, while electronic blood pressure monitoring devices offer convenience, both manual and electronic methods have shown comparable accuracy in various studies, emphasizing the importance of proper technique and calibration for accurate blood pressure measurements.
How does the stage of disease affect the development of neuropathy in patients receiving oxaliplatin?
5 answers
The stage of disease does not directly affect the development of neuropathy in patients receiving oxaliplatin. Instead, factors like body mass index (BMI), sex, and total dosage play significant roles. Studies have shown that higher BMI, female sex, and higher total dosage of oxaliplatin are predictors for the development of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN). Additionally, rechallenging with oxaliplatin can worsen pre-existing neuropathy, with higher cumulative doses of oxaliplatin being associated with worsening neuropathy. Therefore, while the stage of disease may influence treatment decisions and overall prognosis, it is not a direct factor in the development of neuropathy in patients undergoing oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy.
What's the prevalence carpal tunnel syndrome in e gamers?
4 answers
The prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) among e-gamers varies based on different studies. Research conducted among Malaysian university students playing computer games on desktop platforms showed a mean symptom severity score of 1.59, with most cases being mild. In a study in Belgium, the prevalence of CTS among visual display terminal (VDT) users was less than 2%, with increasing age and female gender being significant factors associated with CTS. Additionally, a study in Ethiopia found a prevalence of 10.8% of clinically proven CTS among patients with musculoskeletal complaints, with factors like being female, physically inactive, having diabetes mellitus, hypertension, specific hand and wrist ratios being statistically associated with CTS. These findings highlight the importance of considering various risk factors and activities when assessing the prevalence of CTS among e-gamers.
How bacterial change pectin to SCFAs?
5 answers
Bacteria convert pectin into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) through fermentation. Pectin fermentation by gut bacteria leads to the production of SCFAs like acetate, butyrate, and propionate, which are crucial for gut health. Various bacterial species, including Lachnospira, Dorea, Clostridium, and Sutterella, are involved in pectin degradation and SCFA production. Different types of pectin, such as High Methoxy Pectin (HMP), Sugar Beet Pectin (SBP), and Soy Pectin (SOY), stimulate the production of SCFAs, with SOY showing the highest total SCFA concentration and propionic acid levels. Additionally, pectic polysaccharides like arabinan, arabinogalactan, and rhamnogalacturonan are fermented by specific probiotic bacteria, resulting in the production of SCFAs like acetate, propionate, and lactate, which play a vital role in maintaining gut health.
How would the microbiological analysis for tempeh be tested?
5 answers
Microbiological analysis for tempeh involves various methods such as testing for water content, hygiene, mold colonies, and protein content. Additionally, the microbial viability of tempeh starter can be assessed by analyzing pH value, water content, and the number of fungi, yeast, and bacteria. To profile the microbial community in tempeh, shotgun metagenomic sequencing can be employed to identify dominant phyla like Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes, as well as specific species such as Lactobacillus fermentum and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, investigating the effect of different packaging materials on lactic acid bacteria (LAB) quantity and community composition in tempeh can provide insights into the microbial diversity present in the final product. Combining metagenomics analysis with cultivation techniques can help identify the sources of bacterial communities in tempeh, highlighting the importance of specific bacterial species like Lactobacillus and Acetobacter in the fermentation process.
How lifestyle factors is associated with blood pressure?
5 answers
Lifestyle factors play a crucial role in influencing blood pressure levels. Studies have shown that various aspects of lifestyle, such as physical activity, diet, smoking habits, stress levels, and alcohol consumption, are significantly associated with hypertension. Engaging in regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy diet, abstaining from smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and managing stress levels are all linked to better blood pressure control. Additionally, factors like body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose levels, serum uric acid levels, and genetic predisposition also impact blood pressure regulation. These findings underscore the importance of adopting a healthy lifestyle to prevent and manage hypertension effectively.
What is the odds ratio?
4 answers
The odds ratio (OR) is a statistical measure commonly used in clinical research to assess the strength of association between an exposure or treatment and a binary outcome. It represents the ratio of the odds of an event occurring in the presence of a particular exposure to the odds of the event occurring in the absence of that exposure. Unlike probabilities, which are more intuitive for clinicians, odds are favored by gamblers due to their representation of fair payouts. The interpretation of odds ratios can be complex, especially when compared to relative risk, another measure of association. The value of an odds ratio can vary based on the distribution over which the probabilities are evaluated, leading to differences in individual odds ratios, population odds ratios, and conditional odds ratios. Overall, the odds ratio serves as a valuable tool for understanding treatment outcomes and associations in clinical practice.