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How many neurons are in a human spinal cord?

Immunocytochemistry

Central nervous system

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Open access•Journal Article•DOI Distinct neural precursors in the developing human spinal cord. Sally Walder, Patrizia Ferretti - Show less +1 more 01 Sep 2004-The International Journal of Developmental Biology 17 Citations	Overall our results suggest that the human spinal cord contains distinct and dynamic populations of neural precursors which are developmentally regulated.
Journal Article•DOI Neurogenesis in Postnatal Rat Spinal Cord: A Study in Primary Culture Lois J. Kehl, Carolyn A. Fairbanks, Tinna M. Laughlin, George L. Wilcox - Show less +3 more 25 Apr 1997-Science 80 Citations	These findings suggest that postnatal spinal cord retains the capacity to generate functional neurons.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Human spinal cord neurons in dissociated monolayer cultures: morphological, biochemical, and electrophysiological properties A.C. Kato, G. Touzeau, D Bertrand, C. R. Bader - Show less +3 more 01 Oct 1985-The Journal of Neuroscience 33 Citations	From a biochemical and electrophysiological point of view the properties of human spinal cord neurons in culture closely resemble the properties of spinal cord neurons from other species.
Journal Article•DOI A quantitative study of neurons which express neurokinin-1 or somatostatin sst2a receptor in rat spinal dorsal horn. Andrew J. Todd, R. C. Spike, Erika Polgár - Show less +2 more 08 Apr 1998-Neuroscience 154 Citations	In addition, the method can be used to estimate the sizes of neurochemically-defined populations of spinal cord neurons.
Journal Article•DOI A Technique for Recording Single Neuron Potentials in the Human Spinal Cord: Technical Note F. Puletti, A. J. Blomquist - Show less +1 more 01 Jan 1967-Journal of Neurosurgery 10 Citations	The observation of single neuron activity in the human spinal cord provides useful data on the physiological characteristics of human spinal tracts.
Journal Article•DOI Mechanosensitive neurons in the spinal cord of the lamprey Sten Grillner, Andrew D. McClellan, K. Sigvardt - Show less +2 more 04 Mar 1982-Brain Research 63 Citations	This study provides direct evidence of mechanosensitive neurons intrinsic to the spinal cord.

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What are the current methods for restoring sensory information in spinal cord injury patients?

Current methods for restoring sensory information in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients encompass a variety of innovative approaches, each targeting different aspects of the injury's impact on sensory function. Spinal cord epidural stimulation (scES) has emerged as a promising technique, with the development of tools for the individualized placement of epidural stimulation electrodes and closed-loop control of stimulation parameters, aiming to improve outcomes for SCI patients by restoring key healthy functions including sensory activity. Similarly, spinal cord electrical stimulation (SCS), both epidural (eSCS) and transcutaneous (tSCS), has shown potential in returning function to individuals with chronic SCI, with a significant number of patients experiencing improvements in sensorimotor function, which includes sensory recovery. Technological advancements in prosthetics, particularly bionic hands, offer another avenue for sensory restoration, utilizing both non-invasive and invasive technologies to convey artificial sensory feedback to the user, thereby enhancing the dexterity and functionality of prosthetic limbs. Stem cell therapy, specifically the use of autologous Schwann cells (SC) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), has also been explored, with some patients showing sensory improvements post-treatment, indicating its potential effectiveness in sensory recovery. Neuromodulation techniques, including electrical stimulation and optogenetics, have been identified as significant for promoting the recovery of sensorimotor function, which encompasses sensory restoration. These methods modulate neuronal activity to facilitate intentional, controlled movement and sensory recovery. Multisensory integration (MSI) mechanisms, altered by SCI, suggest that rehabilitation efforts could benefit from addressing MSI deficits to improve sensory synthesis and perception. Interventions targeting interoceptive signals and the vagus nerve have been proposed to enhance body awareness and sensory motor signals, potentially mitigating deafferentation pain and improving sensory recovery. Rehabilitation strategies, including diverse approaches to restore or improve patients' capabilities, play a crucial role in the recovery process, aiming to improve functionality and quality of life for SCI patients. Combinatorial therapies, integrating biological and engineering strategies such as biomaterials, stem cells, and neural signal stimulation, have shown promise in reconstructing neural circuits and promoting functional recovery, which includes sensory restoration. Lastly, clinically accessible neuromodulatory approaches, targeting various neural structures, have been explored for their potential in functional restoration, including sensory recovery, in SCI patients, highlighting the need for further research to incorporate these methods into standard clinical practice.Whant is the function of aquaporins?

Aquaporins (AQPs) primarily facilitate water transport across cell membranes. However, their functions extend beyond water transport. AQPs are involved in transporting various small molecules like glycerol, urea, gases (CO2, NO, etc.), ions, and even silicon and arsenite. Additionally, AQPs play roles in unexpected functions such as tumor angiogenesis regulation, cell migration promotion, skin hydration regulation, neural signal transduction, cell proliferation, inflammation modulation, and organelle physiology. In the central nervous system, AQPs mediate water flux and are crucial in brain disorders like cerebral edema and neurodegenerative disorders. In the lungs, AQPs (AQP1, AQP2, AQP4, AQP5) are essential for fluid balance in respiratory processes. Overall, AQPs are vital in various physiological processes beyond simple water transport.What are the most commonly used immortalized cell lines in neurology research?

Immortalized cell lines play a crucial role in neurology research. In this field, commonly used immortalized cell lines include those derived from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) for studying chronic pain mechanisms, neural stem cells (NSC) for neural repair investigations, and immortalized muscle cell lines for studying neuromuscular diseases like myotonic dystrophy. Techniques like trans-immortalization have also been employed to create immortalized neurons for neurobiological studies, offering a way to derive specific cell lines with unique characteristics. Additionally, the development of immortalized human neural stem cell lines using recombinant lentiviral vectors has provided stable and effective tools for neurology research, enabling the study of neural stem cell biology and differentiation capabilities.What are staining techniques for brain tissues?

Staining techniques for brain tissues include immunohistochemistry and Golgi staining. Immunohistochemistry allows visualization of specific tissue structures and protein expression, while Golgi staining, developed over 125 years ago, enables observation of whole nerve cells and their processes in CNS tissues. Immunohistochemistry involves mounting sections on glass slides or using the free-floating method, which is preferred for 3D reconstruction of brain regions due to better antibody penetration. On the other hand, Golgi staining involves impregnating CNS tissues with Golgi solution, embedding them in plastic, and cutting thick sections for detailed visualization of dendritic structures and synaptic spines. These techniques play crucial roles in studying brain functions, protein localization, and neuronal morphology.How does ivermectin stimulate nerve regeneration?

Ivermectin stimulates nerve regeneration through various mechanisms. Studies have shown that ivermectin promotes peripheral nerve repair by inducing fibroblasts to adopt a glia-like phenotype, leading to enhanced proliferation and migration of neural stem cells. Additionally, isoquercitrin, a compound with anti-oxidative properties, has been found to promote nerve regeneration and remyelination, increase the expression of nerve regeneration markers, and inhibit oxidative stress, ultimately aiding in motor functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury. Furthermore, experiments with planaria species revealed that exposure to ivermectin during regeneration resulted in patterning abnormalities and delayed regeneration, highlighting the impact of ion channel drugs like ivermectin on regenerative processes. These findings collectively demonstrate the multifaceted role of ivermectin in stimulating nerve regeneration through various cellular and molecular pathways.Citation for this?

The citation for the question can be found in the abstract by Alfonso Iorio et al, which discusses the lack of randomized controlled trial (RCT)-based evidence in the field of haemophilia treatment, particularly regarding prophylactic clotting factor concentrates. The authors highlight the limited number of trials and patients studied, emphasizing the need for well-designed RCTs to assess the effectiveness of prophylactic clotting factor concentrates in hemophilia patients. This paper prompts a debate on the necessity and ethics of conducting RCTs in the haemophilia field, drawing parallels to a popular BMJ paper on the lack of evidence for parachutes when jumping from airplanes.