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How many neurons does a baby have at birth? 

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We estimate that 10% to 70% of the neurons generated during the feeding larval stage degenerate within 24 h of their birth.
The very same cells that give birth to new neurons also seem to nurture their maturation and support their function.
Because few rostrally projecting neurons could be detected before birth, the full circuitry for peristaltic reflexes appears to develop after birth.
At birth, some neurons appear well developed to support certain functionality; however, persistence of architectural, histochemical, and ultrastructural signs of immaturity, suggests that full performance of the VNO does not occur in newborn mammals, but in prepubertal ages.
Our results suggest that the inductive cues governing the birth and initial differentiation of reticular neurons are imparted by gastrulation and early neurulation.

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How can neural precursor cells of Alzheimer's disease recover cognition and memory?
5 answers
Neural precursor cells have shown promise in recovering cognition and memory in Alzheimer's disease (AD) by addressing the underlying neurodegenerative processes. Studies suggest that neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) play a crucial role in restoring neuronal networks and regenerating damaged areas responsible for memory and cognition in AD patients. Transplantation of NSCs, including induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural precursors (iPSC-NPCs), into AD mouse models has demonstrated improved memory, synaptic plasticity, and reduced AD pathology, such as amyloid and tau deposits. Additionally, NSC transplantation has been linked to the restoration of cholinergic neurons, increased expression of cognition-related proteins, and enhanced spatial learning and memory functions in AD mice. These findings highlight the potential of NSCs in treating cognitive impairments associated with AD.
What is the potential of iPSC therapy for regeneration of neurons in Alzheimer's disease?
5 answers
The potential of iPSC therapy for regenerating neurons in Alzheimer's disease is significant. iPSC-derived astrocytes from AD patients reflect key aspects of the disease's pathophysiological phenotype, offering a novel way to model AD, stratify patients, and conduct therapeutic screens. Human-derived iPSC models provide efficient platforms for disease modeling, drug screening, and identifying appropriate therapies for neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease. Stem cell therapy, including iPSC technology, shows promise in mitigating and reversing AD onset by improving cognitive performance and promoting neurogenesis in animal models. iPSC-derived brain cells treated with amyloid-β (Aβ) have been shown to recapitulate disease-relevant processes in AD patients, reflecting Aβ burden and other endophenotypes through changes in protein expression.
How does neuroinflamation effect emotion and behaviour?
5 answers
Neuroinflammation has a significant impact on emotions and behavior by influencing neural plasticity, neurotransmitter metabolism, and neuroendocrine systems. Studies suggest that neuroinflammation can lead to dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, impaired neuroplasticity, and changes in neurotransmitter levels, ultimately affecting cognitive and emotional functions. In conditions like depression and anxiety disorders, dysregulated cytokine networks resulting from neuroinflammation may contribute to the pathogenesis of these affective disorders. Furthermore, neuroinflammation-induced changes in synaptic and non-synaptic transmission in brain regions like the amygdala can lead to anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. Overall, the complex interplay between neuroinflammation and various brain functions underscores its role in shaping emotions and behaviors in health and disease.
Is there human adult neurogenesis?
5 answers
There is ongoing debate regarding the existence of adult neurogenesis in humans. Some studies suggest that adult human neurogenesis occurs in the dentate gyrus and subventricular zone, albeit at varying levels of intensity. However, other studies argue that adult neurogenesis in the human brain is improbable and not detectable. The discrepancies in findings may be attributed to methodological variabilities and limitations in studying adult human neurogenesis. Further research is needed to standardize methodologies and increase the availability of post-mortem human brain samples to advance our understanding of adult human neurogenesis. It is important to note that the focus of research should be on the preservation of existing neurons rather than their replacement.
What promotes adult human neurogenesis?
5 answers
Physical exercise and certain small molecules have been shown to promote adult human neurogenesis. Physical exercise has been found to induce adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) and improve cognitive functions. It has also been demonstrated to enhance synaptic plasticity and angiogenesis. Several small molecules, including L-lactate, have been identified as factors that promote adult neurogenesis. L-lactate, a metabolite induced by physical exercise, has been shown to partially mediate the effect of exercise on neurogenesis. Additionally, certain agents that can cross the blood-brain barrier have been found to efficiently promote adult neurogenesis. These findings suggest that physical exercise and specific small molecules have the potential to enhance adult human neurogenesis, which may have implications for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
What kind of physical exercise promotes human adult neurogenesis?
5 answers
Physical exercise, particularly voluntary running, has been shown to promote human adult neurogenesis. Beta-endorphins, released during exercise, may play a role in moderating increases in neurogenesis. Recent studies have provided evidence that neurogenesis occurs in the adult human brain, including the hippocampus, throughout the lifespan. L-lactate, a metabolite induced by physical exercise, has also been identified as a factor that promotes adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Different exercise modalities, such as aerobic, anaerobic, and resistance exercise, have been shown to positively influence neurogenesis and cognitive function, with specific mechanisms varying between modalities. Therefore, various forms of physical exercise, including voluntary running and different exercise modalities, have been found to promote human adult neurogenesis.
What is the role of growth promoters in promoting cell growth and differentiation?
4 answers
Growth promoters play a crucial role in promoting cell growth and differentiation. They can accelerate the growth speed of organisms by inactivating living organisms and changing the mechanism of DNA reconstruction. Nano-formulated indole derivative SomRE has been shown to have a positive effect on root length and shoot height in various crops, indicating its role in promoting growth. Certain compounds have been identified as active ingredients of cell differentiation promoters, capable of promoting rooting of plants and improving the rooting rate. Recombinant vectors or constructs containing conditionally-inducible oncogenes can be used to produce conditionally immortal cells, which can aid in transplantation. Additionally, the use of fused proteins or chemical conjugations containing a protein-transfer domain and ERas protein can promote the proliferation of embryonic stem cells and somatic stem cells. These growth promoters have the potential to enhance cell growth and differentiation in various contexts.
What embryonic and developmental processes have led to the elongate lower jaw of the ballyhoo?
4 answers
The elongation of the lower jaw in the ballyhoo is a result of heterochronic shifts during ontogeny. These shifts are simple developmental switches that lead to adaptively important innovations. The molecular heterochrony study comparing postembryonic jaw development in the ballyhoo and other fish species revealed that the lower jaw of the ballyhoo is considerably elongated compared to the upper jaw. This elongation is believed to have arisen through a series of heterochronic shifts in the Suborder Belonoidei, to which the ballyhoo belongs. The study also compared the ballyhoo to a representative of their sister group, the medaka, which has retained the ancestral morphology. The findings suggest that these heterochronic shifts in jaw development have led to the elongation of the lower jaw in the ballyhoo.
How does stress affect the hippocampus?
4 answers
Chronic stress has various effects on the hippocampus. It can lead to abnormal cellular proliferation, atrophic morphologies, and lower densities of glial cells, potentially triggering an inflammatory-like response that compromises their functions. Prenatal stress also affects hippocampal development, causing cognitive deficits and increasing susceptibility to psychiatric disorders. Stress of different durations can cause dynamic changes in hippocampal gene expression, with early and middle stages promoting adaptive regulation and damage repair, while the late stage leads to damage in the hippocampus. Stress can also impact the GABAergic network in the hippocampus, resulting in impaired inhibitory transmission and network function. Additionally, stress can lead to individual variability in stress responses, with molecular signatures in the hippocampus and amygdala distinguishing between susceptible and resilient animals.
How does oxygen level affect creativity?
5 answers
The oxygen level has an impact on creativity. Positive relationships were found between figurative originality and tolerance to hypoxia, indicating that individuals with higher tolerance to low oxygen levels showed greater originality in producing images and sentences. Additionally, the study showed negative correlations between creativity parameters and heart rate during hypoxia, suggesting that individuals with higher creativity had lower heart rate responses to low oxygen levels. Another study found that exposure to low oxygen environments benefited many colorants, including Prussian blue, which demonstrated the same light stability as in air when exposed to light in 5% oxygen. Furthermore, a study on human cortical progenitors showed that small changes in oxygen levels affected their survival, proliferation, and differentiation, with physiological hypoxia promoting neurogenesis and anoxia arresting differentiation. These findings suggest that oxygen levels can influence creative thinking and artistic materials' stability, highlighting the importance of oxygen in cognitive and artistic processes.
Does Yap-5SA induce MycN expression?
5 answers
Yap-5SA overexpression leads to widespread changes in chromatin accessibility and activity, contributing to the oncogenic activities of YAP. Yap-5SA induces cell cycle entry in neural stem cells (NSCs) and hilar astrocytes, promoting the transition from quiescence to activation. However, there is no direct mention of Yap-5SA inducing MycN expression in the provided abstracts.